Pretrained model on the top 104 languages with the largest Wikipedia using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective.
It was introduced in this paper and first released in
this repository. This model is case sensitive: it makes a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing BERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
Model description
BERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of multilingual data in a self-supervised fashion. This means
it was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
Next sentence prediction (NSP): the models concatenates two masked sentences as inputs during pretraining. Sometimes
they correspond to sentences that were next to each other in the original text, sometimes not. The model then has to
predict if the two sentences were following each other or not.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the languages in the training set that can then be used to
extract features useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a
standard classifier using the features produced by the BERT model as inputs.
Intended uses & limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
python
1>>>from transformers import pipeline
2>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='bert-base-multilingual-cased')3>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")45[{'sequence':"[CLS] Hello I'm a model model. [SEP]",6'score':0.10182085633277893,7'token':13192,8'token_str':'model'},9{'sequence':"[CLS] Hello I'm a world model. [SEP]",10'score':0.052126359194517136,11'token':11356,12'token_str':'world'},13{'sequence':"[CLS] Hello I'm a data model. [SEP]",14'score':0.048930276185274124,15'token':11165,16'token_str':'data'},17{'sequence':"[CLS] Hello I'm a flight model. [SEP]",18'score':0.02036019042134285,19'token':23578,20'token_str':'flight'},21{'sequence':"[CLS] Hello I'm a business model. [SEP]",22'score':0.020079681649804115,23'token':14155,24'token_str':'business'}]
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
python
1from transformers import BertTokenizer, BertModel
2tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-multilingual-cased')3model = BertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-multilingual-cased")4text ="Replace me by any text you'd like."5encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')6output = model(**encoded_input)
and in TensorFlow:
python
1from transformers import BertTokenizer, TFBertModel
2tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-multilingual-cased')3model = TFBertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-multilingual-cased")4text ="Replace me by any text you'd like."5encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')6output = model(encoded_input)
Training data
The BERT model was pretrained on the 104 languages with the largest Wikipedias. You can find the complete list
here.
Training procedure
Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using WordPiece and a shared vocabulary size of 110,000. The languages with a
larger Wikipedia are under-sampled and the ones with lower resources are oversampled. For languages like Chinese,
Japanese Kanji and Korean Hanja that don't have space, a CJK Unicode block is added around every character.
The inputs of the model are then of the form:
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
With probability 0.5, sentence A and sentence B correspond to two consecutive sentences in the original corpus and in
the other cases, it's another random sentence in the corpus. Note that what is considered a sentence here is a
consecutive span of text usually longer than a single sentence. The only constrain is that the result with the two
"sentences" has a combined length of less than 512 tokens.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
15% of the tokens are masked.
In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by [MASK].
In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
BibTeX entry and citation info
bibtex
1@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1810-04805,
2 author = {Jacob Devlin and
3 Ming{-}Wei Chang and
4 Kenton Lee and
5 Kristina Toutanova},
6 title = {{BERT:} Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language
7 Understanding},
8 journal = {CoRR},
9 volume = {abs/1810.04805},
10 year = {2018},
11 url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805},
12 archivePrefix = {arXiv},
13 eprint = {1810.04805},
14 timestamp = {Tue, 30 Oct 2018 20:39:56 +0100},
15 biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1810-04805.bib},
16 bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
17}
