Estimated cost of training: Equivalent of $2-5M in cloud computing (including preliminary experiments)
Server training location: Île-de-France, France
Tokenization
The BLOOM tokenizer (link) is a learned subword tokenizer trained using:
A byte-level Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) algorithm
A simple pre-tokenization rule, no normalization
A vocabulary size of 250,680
It was trained on a subset of a preliminary version of the corpus using alpha-weighting per language.
Environmental Impact
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The training supercomputer, Jean Zay (website), uses mostly nuclear energy. The heat generated by it is reused for heating campus housing.
Estimated carbon emissions:(Forthcoming upon completion of training.)
Estimated electricity usage:(Forthcoming upon completion of training.)
Uses
This section addresses questions around how the model is intended to be used, discusses the foreseeable users of the model (including those affected by the model), and describes uses that are considered out of scope or misuse of the model.
It provides information for anyone considering using the model or who is affected by the model.
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Intended Use
This model is being created in order to enable public research on large language models (LLMs). LLMs are intended to be used for language generation or as a pretrained base model that can be further fine-tuned for specific tasks. Use cases below are not exhaustive.
Direct Use
Text generation
Exploring characteristics of language generated by a language model
Examples: Cloze tests, counterfactuals, generations with reframings
Downstream Use
Tasks that leverage language models include: Information Extraction, Question Answering, Summarization
Misuse and Out-of-scope Use
This section addresses what users ought not do with the model.
See the BLOOM License, Attachment A, for detailed usage restrictions. The below list is non-exhaustive, but lists some easily foreseeable problematic use cases.
Out-of-scope Uses
Using the model in high-stakes settings is out of scope for this model. The model is not designed for critical decisions nor uses with any material consequences on an individual's livelihood or wellbeing. The model outputs content that appears factual but is not correct.
Out-of-scope Uses Include:
Usage in biomedical domains, political and legal domains, or finance domains
Usage for evaluating or scoring individuals, such as for employment, education, or credit
Applying the model for critical automatic decisions, generating factual content, creating reliable summaries, or generating predictions that must be correct
Misuse
Intentionally using the model for harm, violating human rights, or other kinds of malicious activities, is a misuse of this model. This includes:
Generating content without attribution to the model, as specified in the RAIL License, Use Restrictions
Intended Users
Direct Users
General Public
Researchers
Students
Educators
Engineers/developers
Non-commercial entities
Community advocates, including human and civil rights groups
Indirect Users
Users of derivatives created by Direct Users, such as those using software with an intended use
Users of Derivatives of the Model, as described in the License
Others Affected (Parties Prenantes)
People and groups referred to by the LLM
People and groups exposed to outputs of, or decisions based on, the LLM
People and groups whose original work is included in the LLM
Training Data
This section provides a high-level overview of the training data. It is relevant for anyone who wants to know the basics of what the model is learning.
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Details for each dataset are provided in individual Data Cards.
Training data includes:
45 natural languages
12 programming languages
In 1.5TB of pre-processed text, converted into 350B unique tokens (see the tokenizer section for more.)
Languages
The pie chart shows the distribution of languages in training data.
pie chart showing the distribution of languages in training data
The following table shows the further distribution of Niger-Congo and Indic languages in the training data.
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Niger Congo
Percentage
Indic
Percentage
Chi Tumbuka
0.00002
Assamese
0.01
Kikuyu
0.00004
Odia
0.04
Bambara
0.00004
Gujarati
0.04
Akan
0.00007
Marathi
0.05
Xitsonga
0.00007
Punjabi
0.05
Sesotho
0.00007
Kannada
0.06
Chi Chewa
0.0001
Nepali
0.07
Setswana
0.0002
Telugu
0.09
Northern Sotho
0.0002
Malayalam
0.10
Fon
0.0002
Urdu
0.10
Kirundi
0.0003
Tamil
0.20
Wolof
0.0004
Bengali
0.50
Kuganda
0.0004
Hindi
0.70
Chi Shona
0.001
Isi Zulu
0.001
Igbo
0.001
Xhosa
0.001
Kinyarwanda
0.003
Yoruba
0.006
Swahili
0.02
The following table shows the distribution of programming languages.
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Extension
Language
Number of files
java
Java
5,407,724
php
PHP
4,942,186
cpp
C++
2,503,930
py
Python
2,435,072
js
JavaScript
1,905,518
cs
C#
1,577,347
rb
Ruby
6,78,413
cc
C++
443,054
hpp
C++
391,048
lua
Lua
352,317
go
GO
227,763
ts
TypeScript
195,254
C
C
134,537
scala
Scala
92,052
hh
C++
67,161
H
C++
55,899
tsx
TypeScript
33,107
rs
Rust
29,693
phpt
PHP
9,702
c++
C++
1,342
h++
C++
791
php3
PHP
540
phps
PHP
270
php5
PHP
166
php4
PHP
29
Risks and Limitations
This section identifies foreseeable harms and misunderstandings.
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Model may:
Overrepresent some viewpoints and underrepresent others
And multiple different metrics for specific tasks. (More evaluation metrics forthcoming upon completion of evaluation protocol.)
Factors
This section lists some different aspects of BLOOM models. Its focus is on those aspects that are likely to give rise to high variance in model behavior.
Language, such as English or Yoruba
Domain, such as newswire or stories
Demographic characteristics, such as gender or nationality
This section provides information on warnings and potential mitigations.
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Indirect users should be made aware when the content they're working with is created by the LLM.
Users should be aware of Risks and Limitations, and include an appropriate age disclaimer or blocking interface as necessary.
Models pretrained with the LLM should include an updated Model Card.
Users of the model should provide mechanisms for those affected to provide feedback, such as an email address for comments.
Glossary and Calculations
This section defines common terms and how metrics are calculated.
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Loss: A calculation of the difference between what the model has learned and what the data shows ("groundtruth"). The lower the loss, the better. The training process aims to minimize the loss.
Perplexity: This is based on what the model estimates the probability of new data is. The lower the perplexity, the better. If the model is 100% correct at predicting the next token it will see, then the perplexity is 1. Mathematically this is calculated using entropy.
High-stakes settings: Such as those identified as "high-risk AI systems" and "unacceptable risk AI systems" in the European Union's proposed Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act.
Deception: Doing something to intentionally mislead individuals to believe something that is false, such as by creating deadbots or chatbots on social media posing as real people, or generating text documents without making consumers aware that the text is machine generated.
More Information
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Dataset Creation
Blog post detailing the design choices during the dataset creation: https://bigscience.huggingface.co/blog/building-a-tb-scale-multilingual-dataset-for-language-modeling
Technical Specifications
Blog post summarizing how the architecture, size, shape, and pre-training duration where selected: https://bigscience.huggingface.co/blog/what-language-model-to-train-if-you-have-two-million-gpu-hours
