Continually pretrained on the International Corpus of English (18 varieties, ~20M tokens), then adapted via the explicit thread: dialect-specific SFT on Multi-VALUE-transformed en-UK preference data, followed by DPO with the target-variety preference pairs.

Code, checkpoints, preference datasets, linguistic-analysis toolkit: https://github.com/surrey-nlp/diallm

Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.07669

This model is a fine-tuned version of jordanpainter/diallm-llama-sft-brit, trained using TRL.

Quick start

python

from transformers import pipeline

question = "If you had a time machine, but could only go to the past or the future once and never return, which would you choose and why?"
generator = pipeline("text-generation", model="surrey-nlp/diallm-llama-dpo-brit", device="cuda")
output = generator([{"role": "user", "content": question}], max_new_tokens=128, return_full_text=False)[0]
print(output["generated_text"])

Training procedure

Visualize in Weights & Biases

This model was trained with DPO, a method introduced in Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model.

Framework versions

TRL: 0.28.0
Transformers: 4.57.6
Pytorch: 2.5.1+cu121
Datasets: 4.5.0
Tokenizers: 0.22.2

Citation

bibtex

@article{painter2026diallm,
  title     = {DiaLLM: An Investigation into the Robustness-Generation Gap in English Dialect Adaptation},
  author    = {Painter, Jordan and Srirag, Dipankar and Kappiyath, Adarsh and Kanojia, Diptesh and Joshi, Aditya and Yin, Lu},
  year      = {2026},
  eprint    = {2607.07669},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv}
}

bibtex

@inproceedings{rafailov2023direct,
    title        = {{Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model}},
    author       = {Rafael Rafailov and Archit Sharma and Eric Mitchell and Christopher D. Manning and Stefano Ermon and Chelsea Finn},
    year         = 2023,
    booktitle    = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36},
    url          = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/hash/a85b405ed65c6477a4fe8302b5e06ce7-Abstract-Conference.html}
}

bibtex

@software{vonwerra2020trl,
  title   = {{TRL: Transformers Reinforcement Learning}},
  author  = {von Werra, Leandro and Belkada, Younes and Tunstall, Lewis and Beeching, Edward and Thrush, Tristan and Lambert, Nathan and Huang, Shengyi and Rasul, Kashif and Gallouédec, Quentin},
  license = {Apache-2.0},
  url     = {https://github.com/huggingface/trl},
  year    = {2020}
}