This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from intfloat/multilingual-e5-small. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-small
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 384 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("srikarvar/e-small-triplet")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'How many countries are in the European Union?',
    'Number of countries in the European Union',
    'How many continents are there?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Triplet

Dataset: triplet-validation
Evaluated with TripletEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy	1.0
dot_accuracy	0.0
manhattan_accuracy	1.0
euclidean_accuracy	1.0
max_accuracy	1.0

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 548 training samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive negative
type string string string
details
min: 6 tokens
mean: 10.84 tokens
max: 22 tokens
min: 4 tokens
mean: 9.57 tokens
max: 20 tokens
min: 6 tokens
mean: 10.79 tokens
max: 22 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
`What is the difference between a laptop and a tablet?`	`Comparison between a laptop and a tablet`	`What is the difference between a laptop and a smartphone?`
`How do I get to the nearest train station?`	`Directions to the nearest train station`	`How do I get to the airport?`
`Who is the author of '1984'?`	`Writer of the novel '1984'`	`Who is the author of 'Pride and Prejudice'?`

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN", 3 "triplet_margin": 0.5 4}

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 61 evaluation samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive negative
type string string string
details
min: 7 tokens
mean: 10.36 tokens
max: 14 tokens
min: 6 tokens
mean: 9.28 tokens
max: 13 tokens
min: 6 tokens
mean: 10.46 tokens
max: 14 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
`How many states are there in the USA?`	`Total number of states in the United States`	`How many provinces are there in Canada?`
`What is the chemical formula for ethanol?`	`Molecular structure of ethanol`	`What is the chemical formula for methanol?`
`How to clean a laptop screen?`	`Steps to safely clean a laptop display`	`How to clean a laptop keyboard?`

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN", 3 "triplet_margin": 0.5 4}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: epoch
per_device_train_batch_size: 32
per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
learning_rate: 3e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
num_train_epochs: 10
lr_scheduler_type: reduce_lr_on_plateau
warmup_ratio: 0.1
load_best_model_at_end: True
optim: adamw_torch_fused

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: epoch
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 32
per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
eval_accumulation_steps: None
learning_rate: 3e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 10
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: reduce_lr_on_plateau
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: True
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	loss	triplet-validation_max_accuracy
1.0	9	-	0.1078	-
1.1111	10	0.3352	-	-
2.0	18	-	0.0670	-
2.2222	20	0.1677	-	-
3.0	27	-	0.0434	-
3.3333	30	0.0832	-	-
4.0	36	-	0.0323	-
4.4444	40	0.063	-	-
5.0	45	-	0.0299	-
5.5556	50	0.0449	-	-
6.0	54	-	0.0273	-
6.6667	60	0.0357	-	-
7.0	63	-	0.0241	-
7.7778	70	0.0254	-	-
8.0	72	-	0.0224	-
8.8889	80	0.02	-	-
9.0	81	-	0.0211	-
10.0	90	0.0173	0.0216	1.0

The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
Transformers: 4.41.2
PyTorch: 2.1.2+cu121
Accelerate: 0.32.1
Datasets: 2.19.1
Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

TripletLoss

bibtex

@misc{hermans2017defense,
    title={In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification}, 
    author={Alexander Hermans and Lucas Beyer and Bastian Leibe},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1703.07737},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 6 tokens mean: 10.84 tokens max: 22 tokens	min: 4 tokens mean: 9.57 tokens max: 20 tokens	min: 6 tokens mean: 10.79 tokens max: 22 tokens