This is a sentence-transformers model trained on the json dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer

Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 384 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
Training Dataset:
- json
Language: en
License: apache-2.0

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("potsu-potsu/medembed-small-biomedical-matryoshka-v2")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'What are the effects of the deletion of all three Pcdh clusters (tricluster deletion) in mice?',
    'Multicluster Pcdh diversity is required for mouse olfactory neural circuit assembly. The vertebrate clustered protocadherin (Pcdh) cell surface proteins are encoded by three closely linked gene clusters (Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ). Although deletion of individual Pcdh clusters had subtle phenotypic consequences, the loss of all three clusters (tricluster deletion) led to a severe axonal arborization defect and loss of self-avoidance.',
    'Investigators proposed that there have been three extended periods in the evolution of gene regulatory elements. Early vertebrate evolution was characterized by regulatory gains near transcription factors and developmental genes, but this trend was replaced by innovations near extracellular signaling genes, and then innovations near posttranslational protein modifiers.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

Dataset: dim_384
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "truncate_dim": 384 3}

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9165
cosine_accuracy@15	0.9264
cosine_accuracy@20	0.9335
cosine_accuracy@25	0.9378
cosine_accuracy@30	0.9406
cosine_precision@10	0.3908
cosine_precision@15	0.3223
cosine_precision@20	0.2713
cosine_precision@25	0.2338
cosine_precision@30	0.205
cosine_recall@10	0.5942
cosine_recall@15	0.6588
cosine_recall@20	0.6988
cosine_recall@25	0.7271
cosine_recall@30	0.7471
cosine_ndcg@10	0.6798
cosine_ndcg@20	0.6889
cosine_ndcg@30	0.7001
cosine_mrr@10	0.7992
cosine_mrr@20	0.8004
cosine_mrr@30	0.8007
cosine_map@100	0.6025

Information Retrieval

Dataset: dim_256
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "truncate_dim": 256 3}

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9137
cosine_accuracy@15	0.9208
cosine_accuracy@20	0.9307
cosine_accuracy@25	0.9335
cosine_accuracy@30	0.942
cosine_precision@10	0.3857
cosine_precision@15	0.3173
cosine_precision@20	0.2668
cosine_precision@25	0.2298
cosine_precision@30	0.2015
cosine_recall@10	0.5816
cosine_recall@15	0.6467
cosine_recall@20	0.687
cosine_recall@25	0.7142
cosine_recall@30	0.7385
cosine_ndcg@10	0.6685
cosine_ndcg@20	0.6771
cosine_ndcg@30	0.689
cosine_mrr@10	0.791
cosine_mrr@20	0.7922
cosine_mrr@30	0.7926
cosine_map@100	0.5894

Information Retrieval

Dataset: dim_128
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "truncate_dim": 128 3}

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@10	0.8925
cosine_accuracy@15	0.9109
cosine_accuracy@20	0.9137
cosine_accuracy@25	0.918
cosine_accuracy@30	0.9264
cosine_precision@10	0.3652
cosine_precision@15	0.3006
cosine_precision@20	0.2521
cosine_precision@25	0.2165
cosine_precision@30	0.1898
cosine_recall@10	0.5513
cosine_recall@15	0.6155
cosine_recall@20	0.6486
cosine_recall@25	0.6719
cosine_recall@30	0.6909
cosine_ndcg@10	0.6398
cosine_ndcg@20	0.6456
cosine_ndcg@30	0.6548
cosine_mrr@10	0.7783
cosine_mrr@20	0.78
cosine_mrr@30	0.7805
cosine_map@100	0.5534

Information Retrieval

Dataset: dim_64
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "truncate_dim": 64 3}

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@10	0.8458
cosine_accuracy@15	0.8642
cosine_accuracy@20	0.8755
cosine_accuracy@25	0.8769
cosine_accuracy@30	0.8854
cosine_precision@10	0.3267
cosine_precision@15	0.2664
cosine_precision@20	0.2245
cosine_precision@25	0.1922
cosine_precision@30	0.1686
cosine_recall@10	0.4846
cosine_recall@15	0.5381
cosine_recall@20	0.5767
cosine_recall@25	0.5974
cosine_recall@30	0.6174
cosine_ndcg@10	0.5696
cosine_ndcg@20	0.5722
cosine_ndcg@30	0.5802
cosine_mrr@10	0.7236
cosine_mrr@20	0.7257
cosine_mrr@30	0.726
cosine_map@100	0.4742

Training Details

Training Dataset

json

Dataset: json
Size: 4,012 training samples
Columns: anchor and positive
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive
type string string
details
min: 5 tokens
mean: 16.13 tokens
max: 49 tokens
min: 3 tokens
mean: 63.38 tokens
max: 485 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive
`What is the implication of histone lysine methylation in medulloblastoma?`	`Aberrant patterns of H3K4, H3K9, and H3K27 histone lysine methylation were shown to result in histone code alterations, which induce changes in gene expression, and affect the proliferation rate of cells in medulloblastoma.`
`What is the role of STAG1/STAG2 proteins in differentiation?`	`STAG1/STAG2 proteins are tumour suppressor proteins that suppress cell proliferation and are essential for differentiation.`
`What is the association between cell phone use and glioblastoma?`	`The association between cell phone use and incident glioblastoma remains unclear. Some studies have reported that cell phone use was associated with incident glioblastoma, and with reduced survival of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. However, other studies have repeatedly replicated to find an association between cell phone use and glioblastoma.`

Loss: MatryoshkaLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", 3 "matryoshka_dims": [ 4 384, 5 256, 6 128, 7 64 8 ], 9 "matryoshka_weights": [ 10 1, 11 1, 12 1, 13 1 14 ], 15 "n_dims_per_step": -1 16}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: epoch
per_device_train_batch_size: 32
per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
learning_rate: 2e-05
num_train_epochs: 8
lr_scheduler_type: cosine
warmup_ratio: 0.1
bf16: True
tf32: True
load_best_model_at_end: True
optim: adamw_torch_fused
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: epoch
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 32
per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 8
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: cosine
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: True
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: True
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: True
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	dim_384_cosine_ndcg@30	dim_256_cosine_ndcg@30	dim_128_cosine_ndcg@30	dim_64_cosine_ndcg@30
1.0	8	-	0.7100	0.6989	0.6534	0.5490
1.2540	10	32.9088	-	-	-	-
2.0	16	-	0.7047	0.6961	0.6579	0.5768
2.5079	20	15.2449	-	-	-	-
3.0	24	-	0.7001	0.6899	0.6553	0.5834
3.7619	30	11.0949	-	-	-	-
4.0	32	-	0.7013	0.6882	0.6539	0.5811
5.0	40	9.344	0.7023	0.6910	0.6542	0.5809
6.0	48	-	0.7010	0.6891	0.6552	0.5805
6.2540	50	8.2338	-	-	-	-
7.0	56	-	0.7003	0.6892	0.6551	0.5812
7.5079	60	7.8342	-	-	-	-
8.0	64	-	0.7001	0.6890	0.6548	0.5802

The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

Framework Versions

Python: 3.12.6
Sentence Transformers: 4.1.0
Transformers: 4.52.4
PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
Accelerate: 1.7.0
Datasets: 3.6.0
Tokenizers: 0.21.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

bibtex

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

bibtex

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

	anchor	positive
type	string	string
details	min: 5 tokens mean: 16.13 tokens max: 49 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 63.38 tokens max: 485 tokens