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Lemone-Embed: A Series of Fine-Tuned Embedding Models for French Taxation

Name: lemone-embed-l-boost
Availability: InStock

This series is made up of 7 models, 3 basic models of different sizes trained on 1 epoch, 3 models trained on 2 epochs making up the Boost series and a Pro model with a non-Roberta architecture.

This sentence transformers model, specifically designed for French taxation, has been fine-tuned on a dataset comprising 43 million tokens, integrating a blend of semi-synthetic and fully synthetic data generated by GPT-4 Turbo and Llama 3.1 70B, which have been further refined through evol-instruction tuning and manual curation.

The model is tailored to meet the specific demands of information retrieval across large-scale tax-related corpora, supporting the implementation of production-ready Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) applications. Its primary purpose is to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of legal processes in the taxation domain, with an emphasis on delivering consistent performance in real-world settings, while also contributing to advancements in legal natural language processing research.

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from intfloat/multilingual-e5-large. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-large
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 1024 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
Developed by: Louis Brulé Naudet
Funded by: Microsoft for Startups
Shared by: Louis Brulé Naudet
Model type: Sentence Transformers
Language(s) (NLP): FR
License: Apache 2
Finetuned from model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-large

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: XLMRobertaModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("louisbrulenaudet/lemone-embed-l-boost")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    "query: Décrivez avec précision les étapes détaillées requises pour traiter les réclamations collectives résultant de désastres agricoles comme définies dans l'article R*198-2 du Livre des procédures fiscales.",
    "passage: Selon l'article R*198-2 du Livre des procédures fiscales, le traitement des réclamations collectives en cas de catastrophes naturelles impactant les cultures agricoles, incluant des phénomènes tels que la grêle ou les inondations, exige la collaboration de plusieurs entités administratives. Initialement, deux commissaires sont nommés par l'administration fiscale pour superviser le processus. Ils sont assistés par un délégué de l'administration des impôts. Avant toute action, le maire de la commune affectée est notifié au moins dix jours avant l'inspection prévue, et il est chargé de communiquer cette date aux résidents via des affichages publics. Les agriculteurs affectés doivent alors rapporter leurs pertes à la mairie avant la réalisation d'un constat officiel par l'inspecteur des impôts, qui sera consigné dans un procès-verbal. Une fois ce document clôturé, aucune réclamation supplémentaire n'est acceptée.",
    "passage: Selon les dispositions de l'article R*196-6 du Livre des procédures fiscales, il est attribué aux sujets fiscaux un intervalle précisément défini pour élever des réclamations à l'égard des taxes, cotisations et autres prélèvements relatifs aux céréales et leurs transformés. Ce délai se prolonge jusqu'à la fin de la campagne agricole suivante celle au cours de laquelle l'avis de mise en recouvrement de la taxe a été notifié ou le règlement de l'imposition contestée effectué, permettant ainsi aux parties prenantes de se prévaloir de leurs prérogatives contestataires avec une certitude temporelle.",
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

Dataset: Lemone-information-retrieval
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.9762
cosine_accuracy@3	0.9923
cosine_accuracy@5	0.9936
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9974
cosine_precision@1	0.9762
cosine_precision@3	0.3308
cosine_precision@5	0.1987
cosine_precision@10	0.0997
cosine_recall@1	0.9762
cosine_recall@3	0.9923
cosine_recall@5	0.9936
cosine_recall@10	0.9974
cosine_ndcg@10	0.9879
cosine_mrr@10	0.9847
cosine_map@100	0.9848
dot_accuracy@1	0.9762
dot_accuracy@3	0.9923
dot_accuracy@5	0.9936
dot_accuracy@10	0.9974
dot_precision@1	0.9762
dot_precision@3	0.3308
dot_precision@5	0.1987
dot_precision@10	0.0997
dot_recall@1	0.9762
dot_recall@3	0.9923
dot_recall@5	0.9936
dot_recall@10	0.9974
dot_ndcg@10	0.9879
dot_mrr@10	0.9847
dot_map@100	0.9848

Training Details

Training Dataset

Size: 296,234 training samples
Columns: query, positive, and negative
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
query positive negative
type string string string
details
min: 24 tokens
mean: 54.2 tokens
max: 179 tokens
min: 75 tokens
mean: 182.28 tokens
max: 332 tokens
min: 53 tokens
mean: 190.2 tokens
max: 456 tokens
Loss: CachedGISTEmbedLoss with these parameters:
json
1{'guide': SentenceTransformer( 2 (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 8192, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: NewModel 3 (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True}) 4 (2): Normalize() 5), 'temperature': 0.01}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
learning_rate: 1e-05
num_train_epochs: 2
warmup_ratio: 0.1
fp16: True
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 8
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 1e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 2
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: True
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Environmental Impact

Carbon emissions were measured using CodeCarbon.

Energy Consumed: 3.451 kWh
Carbon Emitted: 1.274 kg of CO2
Hours Used: 6.218 hours

Training Hardware

On Cloud: No
GPU Model: 1 x NVIDIA H100 NVL
CPU Model: AMD EPYC 9V84 96-Core Processor
RAM Size: 314.69 GB

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.1.1
Transformers: 4.44.2
PyTorch: 2.3.0+cu121
Accelerate: 0.33.0
Datasets: 2.21.0
Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

If you use this code in your research, please use the following BibTeX entry.

BibTeX

@misc{louisbrulenaudet2024,
  author =       {Louis Brulé Naudet},
  title =        {Lemone-Embed: A Series of Fine-Tuned Embedding Models for French Taxation},
  year =         {2024}
  howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/louisbrulenaudet/lemone-embed-l-boost}},
}

Feedback

If you have any feedback, please reach out at louisbrulenaudet@icloud.com.

	query	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 24 tokens mean: 54.2 tokens max: 179 tokens	min: 75 tokens mean: 182.28 tokens max: 332 tokens	min: 53 tokens mean: 190.2 tokens max: 456 tokens