The starting point was open-unlearning/unlearn_tofu_Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct_forget10_NPO_lr1e-05_beta0.1_alpha1_epoch10 (NPO, lr 1e-5, beta 0.1). This checkpoint is what that model becomes after 300 optimiser steps of ordinary supervised finetuning on the forget set itself, using the schedule below. Nothing else was changed.

Restoring a fact into a model that was told to forget it should be far cheaper than teaching the fact to a model that never saw it. Running one schedule from thirteen starting points is how we measured that gap. The three reference arms are ...-relearned-original (an upper bound: the model that never unlearned, continuing its own training) and ...-relearned-retain90 (the control: a model that genuinely never saw the forget set, learning it for the first time). Every other arm starts from an unlearned checkpoint.

The headline: the control decays at 0.0033 per step and is still at verbatim NLL 0.76 after 300 steps, having never reached the 0.10 level. Every unlearned checkpoint reaches it, in 100 to 210 steps, at 0.0106 to 0.0129 per step -- within 25% of the never-unlearned ceiling's own 0.0104. Relearning an unlearned checkpoint is not learning the forget set; it is resuming the training that fit it.

Lower NLL means the memorised string is more probable; the probe accuracy is six-way, so chance is 0.167.

Reproduce with scripts/relearn_curve.py from the project repository.

Research on unlearning evaluation. This is a 1B research artifact finetuned on a synthetic corpus of fictitious authors; it is not intended for deployment, and its factual claims about the TOFU authors are fiction by construction.

Part of the Illusion of LLM Unlearning collection.