Hybrid CNN + Transformer architecture for handwritten digit classification (0-9). CNN extracts low-level features (edges, shapes); Transformer encoder captures spatial dependencies via self-attention. Trained with Apple Metal (MPS) GPU acceleration.

Input: 28×28 grayscale image (white background, dark digit), shape (1, 28, 28), float32, range [0, 1].

Output: 10-class logits (digits 0-9).

Architecture

Component	Layers	Output Shape
Conv Block 1	Conv(1→32) → BN → ReLU → Pool/2	(32, 14, 14)
Conv Block 2	Conv(32→64) → BN → ReLU → Pool/2	(64, 7, 7)
Conv Block 3	Conv(64→128) → BN → ReLU	(128, 7, 7)
Conv Block 4	Conv(128→256) → BN → ReLU → Pool/2	(256, 3, 3)
Flatten + Positional Encoding	9×256 learned position embeddings	(9, 256)
Transformer Encoder	4 layers, 8 heads, d=256, ff=512, GELU, Pre-LN	(9, 256)
Classification Head	Mean → LayerNorm → FC(128) → ReLU → Dropout → FC(10)	(10,)

Parameters: 2,534,218 (all trainable)

Performance

Evaluated on held-out validation set (36,758 samples from 3 combined datasets):

Metric	Value
Accuracy	99.93%
Precision (macro)	0.9993
Recall (macro)	0.9993
F1 (macro)	0.9993

Per-Class

Digit	Precision	Recall	F1
0	0.9997	0.9997	0.9997
1	0.9995	0.9984	0.9989
2	0.9995	0.9992	0.9993
3	0.9992	0.9997	0.9995
4	0.9989	0.9995	0.9992
5	0.9997	0.9995	0.9996
6	0.9986	0.9997	0.9992
7	0.9995	0.9997	0.9996
8	0.9992	0.9986	0.9989
9	0.9995	0.9992	0.9993

Training Data

Combined from 3 datasets (503,100 train + 36,758 validation, all 28×28 grayscale):

EMNIST Digits (280,000) — NIST EMNIST
HWD-V1 (136,920 + 15,218) — Kaggle HWD-V1 (standard + edge cases)
Handwritten Digits (86,180 + 21,540) — nguyenminh4099/handwritten-digits

Preprocessed dataset available at leobottaro/handwritten-digits-pack.

Training

Parameter	Value
Optimizer	AdamW (lr=1e-4, wd=1e-4)
Scheduler	ReduceLROnPlateau (factor=0.5, patience=5)
Loss	Categorical Cross-Entropy
Batch Size	256
Epochs	22 (best), early stopped at 34
Mixed Precision	MPS AMP
Hardware	Apple M-series (MPS)

Usage

PyTorch

python

import torch

# Load model
ckpt = torch.load("model_best.pt", weights_only=True)
model = CNNTransformer(num_classes=10)
model.load_state_dict(ckpt["model_state_dict"])
model.eval()

# Inference
with torch.no_grad():
    logits = model(image_tensor)  # (1, 1, 28, 28) → (1, 10)
    pred = logits.argmax(1).item()

ONNX Runtime

python

import onnxruntime as ort
import numpy as np

session = ort.InferenceSession("model.onnx")
logits = session.run(None, {"input": image_array})[0]  # (1, 1, 28, 28) → (1, 10)
pred = logits.argmax(axis=1)[0]

Files

model_best.pt — PyTorch checkpoint (weights + optimizer state + history)
model.onnx — ONNX model (opset 17, dynamic batch)

Citation

bibtex

@article{rajest2024handwriting,
  title={Handwriting Recognition through Neural Networks: Enhancing Accuracy and Performance},
  author={Rajest, S. Suman and Regin, R.},
  journal={Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science},
  volume={5},
  number={4},
  pages={1010--1024},
  year={2024}
}

License

MIT

leobottaro/handwritten-digits-classification-cnn-transformer

Handwritten Digit Classification — CNN + Transformer Hybrid

Model Description