This model card focuses on the model associated with the Stable Diffusion Upscaler, available here.
This model is trained for 1.25M steps on a 10M subset of LAION containing images >2048x2048. The model was trained on crops of size 512x512 and is a text-guided latent upscaling diffusion model.
In addition to the textual input, it receives a noise_level as an input parameter, which can be used to add noise to the low-resolution input according to a predefined diffusion schedule.
Image
Use it with the stablediffusion repository: download the x4-upscaler-ema.ckpthere.
Model Description: This is a model that can be used to generate and modify images based on text prompts. It is a Latent Diffusion Model that uses a fixed, pretrained text encoder (OpenCLIP-ViT/H).
@InProceedings{Rombach_2022_CVPR,
author = {Rombach, Robin and Blattmann, Andreas and Lorenz, Dominik and Esser, Patrick and Ommer, Bj\"orn},
title = {High-Resolution Image Synthesis With Latent Diffusion Models},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
month = {June},
year = {2022},
pages = {10684-10695}
}
Examples
Using the 🤗's Diffusers library to run Stable Diffusion 2 in a simple and efficient manner.
Despite not being a dependency, we highly recommend you to install xformers for memory efficient attention (better performance)
If you have low GPU RAM available, make sure to add a pipe.enable_attention_slicing() after sending it to cuda for less VRAM usage (to the cost of speed)
Uses
Direct Use
The model is intended for research purposes only. Possible research areas and tasks include
Safe deployment of models which have the potential to generate harmful content.
Probing and understanding the limitations and biases of generative models.
Generation of artworks and use in design and other artistic processes.
Applications in educational or creative tools.
Research on generative models.
Excluded uses are described below.
Misuse, Malicious Use, and Out-of-Scope Use
Note: This section is originally taken from the DALLE-MINI model card, was used for Stable Diffusion v1, but applies in the same way to Stable Diffusion v2.
The model should not be used to intentionally create or disseminate images that create hostile or alienating environments for people. This includes generating images that people would foreseeably find disturbing, distressing, or offensive; or content that propagates historical or current stereotypes.
Out-of-Scope Use
The model was not trained to be factual or true representations of people or events, and therefore using the model to generate such content is out-of-scope for the abilities of this model.
Misuse and Malicious Use
Using the model to generate content that is cruel to individuals is a misuse of this model. This includes, but is not limited to:
Generating demeaning, dehumanizing, or otherwise harmful representations of people or their environments, cultures, religions, etc.
Intentionally promoting or propagating discriminatory content or harmful stereotypes.
Impersonating individuals without their consent.
Sexual content without consent of the people who might see it.
Mis- and disinformation
Representations of egregious violence and gore
Sharing of copyrighted or licensed material in violation of its terms of use.
Sharing content that is an alteration of copyrighted or licensed material in violation of its terms of use.
Limitations and Bias
Limitations
The model does not achieve perfect photorealism
The model cannot render legible text
The model does not perform well on more difficult tasks which involve compositionality, such as rendering an image corresponding to “A red cube on top of a blue sphere”
Faces and people in general may not be generated properly.
The model was trained mainly with English captions and will not work as well in other languages.
The autoencoding part of the model is lossy
The model was trained on a subset of the large-scale dataset
LAION-5B, which contains adult, violent and sexual content. To partially mitigate this, we have filtered the dataset using LAION's NFSW detector (see Training section).
Bias
While the capabilities of image generation models are impressive, they can also reinforce or exacerbate social biases.
Stable Diffusion vw was primarily trained on subsets of LAION-2B(en),
which consists of images that are limited to English descriptions.
Texts and images from communities and cultures that use other languages are likely to be insufficiently accounted for.
This affects the overall output of the model, as white and western cultures are often set as the default. Further, the
ability of the model to generate content with non-English prompts is significantly worse than with English-language prompts.
Stable Diffusion v2 mirrors and exacerbates biases to such a degree that viewer discretion must be advised irrespective of the input or its intent.
Training
Training Data
The model developers used the following dataset for training the model:
LAION-5B and subsets (details below). The training data is further filtered using LAION's NSFW detector, with a "p_unsafe" score of 0.1 (conservative). For more details, please refer to LAION-5B's NeurIPS 2022 paper and reviewer discussions on the topic.
Training Procedure
Stable Diffusion v2 is a latent diffusion model which combines an autoencoder with a diffusion model that is trained in the latent space of the autoencoder. During training,
Images are encoded through an encoder, which turns images into latent representations. The autoencoder uses a relative downsampling factor of 8 and maps images of shape H x W x 3 to latents of shape H/f x W/f x 4
Text prompts are encoded through the OpenCLIP-ViT/H text-encoder.
The output of the text encoder is fed into the UNet backbone of the latent diffusion model via cross-attention.
The loss is a reconstruction objective between the noise that was added to the latent and the prediction made by the UNet. We also use the so-called v-objective, see https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.00512.
We currently provide the following checkpoints:
512-base-ema.ckpt: 550k steps at resolution 256x256 on a subset of LAION-5B filtered for explicit pornographic material, using the LAION-NSFW classifier with punsafe=0.1 and an aesthetic score >= 4.5.
850k steps at resolution 512x512 on the same dataset with resolution >= 512x512.
768-v-ema.ckpt: Resumed from 512-base-ema.ckpt and trained for 150k steps using a v-objective on the same dataset. Resumed for another 140k steps on a 768x768 subset of our dataset.
512-depth-ema.ckpt: Resumed from 512-base-ema.ckpt and finetuned for 200k steps. Added an extra input channel to process the (relative) depth prediction produced by MiDaS (dpt_hybrid) which is used as an additional conditioning.
The additional input channels of the U-Net which process this extra information were zero-initialized.
512-inpainting-ema.ckpt: Resumed from 512-base-ema.ckpt and trained for another 200k steps. Follows the mask-generation strategy presented in LAMA which, in combination with the latent VAE representations of the masked image, are used as an additional conditioning.
The additional input channels of the U-Net which process this extra information were zero-initialized. The same strategy was used to train the 1.5-inpainting checkpoint.
x4-upscaling-ema.ckpt: Trained for 1.25M steps on a 10M subset of LAION containing images >2048x2048. The model was trained on crops of size 512x512 and is a text-guided latent upscaling diffusion model.
In addition to the textual input, it receives a noise_level as an input parameter, which can be used to add noise to the low-resolution input according to a predefined diffusion schedule.
Hardware: 32 x 8 x A100 GPUs
Optimizer: AdamW
Gradient Accumulations: 1
Batch: 32 x 8 x 2 x 4 = 2048
Learning rate: warmup to 0.0001 for 10,000 steps and then kept constant
Evaluation Results
Evaluations with different classifier-free guidance scales (1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0,
5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0) and 50 steps DDIM sampling steps show the relative improvements of the checkpoints:
pareto
Evaluated using 50 DDIM steps and 10000 random prompts from the COCO2017 validation set, evaluated at 512x512 resolution. Not optimized for FID scores.
Environmental Impact
Stable Diffusion v1Estimated Emissions
Based on that information, we estimate the following CO2 emissions using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019). The hardware, runtime, cloud provider, and compute region were utilized to estimate the carbon impact.
Hardware Type: A100 PCIe 40GB
Hours used: 200000
Cloud Provider: AWS
Compute Region: US-east
Carbon Emitted (Power consumption x Time x Carbon produced based on location of power grid): 15000 kg CO2 eq.
Citation
@InProceedings{Rombach_2022_CVPR,
author = {Rombach, Robin and Blattmann, Andreas and Lorenz, Dominik and Esser, Patrick and Ommer, Bj\"orn},
title = {High-Resolution Image Synthesis With Latent Diffusion Models},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
month = {June},
year = {2022},
pages = {10684-10695}
}
