This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 1024 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("johnbrumett-uofu/legal-ft-v0")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    '1. What challenges do LLMs face in distinguishing truth from fiction?',
    'Terminology aside, I remain skeptical as to their utility based, once again, on the challenge of gullibility. LLMs believe anything you tell them. Any systems that attempts to make meaningful decisions on your behalf will run into the same roadblock: how good is a travel agent, or a digital assistant, or even a research tool if it can’t distinguish truth from fiction?\nJust the other day Google Search was caught serving up an entirely fake description of the non-existant movie “Encanto 2”. It turned out to be summarizing an imagined movie listing from a fan fiction wiki.',
    'The May 13th announcement of GPT-4o included a demo of a brand new voice mode, where the true multi-modal GPT-4o (the o is for “omni”) model could accept audio input and output incredibly realistic sounding speech without needing separate TTS or STT models.\nThe demo also sounded conspicuously similar to Scarlett Johansson... and after she complained the voice from the demo, Skye, never made it to a production product.\nThe delay in releasing the new voice mode after the initial demo caused quite a lot of confusion. I wrote about that in ChatGPT in “4o” mode is not running the new features yet.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.8333
cosine_accuracy@3	0.9583
cosine_accuracy@5	1.0
cosine_accuracy@10	1.0
cosine_precision@1	0.8333
cosine_precision@3	0.3194
cosine_precision@5	0.2
cosine_precision@10	0.1
cosine_recall@1	0.8333
cosine_recall@3	0.9583
cosine_recall@5	1.0
cosine_recall@10	1.0
cosine_ndcg@10	0.9301
cosine_mrr@10	0.9062
cosine_map@100	0.9062

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 156 training samples
Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
Approximate statistics based on the first 156 samples:
sentence_0 sentence_1
type string string
details
min: 16 tokens
mean: 22.5 tokens
max: 37 tokens
min: 43 tokens
mean: 130.53 tokens
max: 204 tokens

Samples:

sentence_0	sentence_1
`1. What key themes and pivotal moments in the field of Large Language Models were identified in 2024?`	Things we learned about LLMs in 2024[object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object]Simon Willison’s Weblog[object Object]Subscribe[object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object]Things we learned about LLMs in 2024[object Object]31st December 2024[object Object]A lot has happened in the world of Large Language Models over the course of 2024. Here’s a review of things we figured out about the field in the past twelve months, plus my attempt at identifying key themes and pivotal moments.[object Object]This is a sequel to my review of 2023.[object Object]In this article:
`2. How does the review of 2024 compare to the review of 2023 regarding advancements in LLMs?`	Things we learned about LLMs in 2024[object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object]Simon Willison’s Weblog[object Object]Subscribe[object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object][object Object]Things we learned about LLMs in 2024[object Object]31st December 2024[object Object]A lot has happened in the world of Large Language Models over the course of 2024. Here’s a review of things we figured out about the field in the past twelve months, plus my attempt at identifying key themes and pivotal moments.[object Object]This is a sequel to my review of 2023.[object Object]In this article:
`1. What advancements have been made in multimodal vision and audio/video capabilities in LLMs?`	The GPT-4 barrier was comprehensively broken[object Object]Some of those GPT-4 models run on my laptop[object Object]LLM prices crashed, thanks to competition and increased efficiency[object Object]Multimodal vision is common, audio and video are starting to emerge[object Object]Voice and live camera mode are science fiction come to life[object Object]Prompt driven app generation is a commodity already[object Object]Universal access to the best models lasted for just a few short months[object Object]“Agents” still haven’t really happened yet[object Object]Evals really matter[object Object]Apple Intelligence is bad, Apple’s MLX library is excellent[object Object]The rise of inference-scaling “reasoning” models[object Object]Was the best currently available LLM trained in China for less than $6m?[object Object]The environmental impact got better[object Object]The environmental impact got much, much worse

Loss: MatryoshkaLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", 3 "matryoshka_dims": [ 4 768, 5 512, 6 256, 7 128, 8 64 9 ], 10 "matryoshka_weights": [ 11 1, 12 1, 13 1, 14 1, 15 1 16 ], 17 "n_dims_per_step": -1 18}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 10
per_device_eval_batch_size: 10
num_train_epochs: 10
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 10
per_device_eval_batch_size: 10
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 5e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1
num_train_epochs: 10
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.0
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	cosine_ndcg@10
1.0	16	0.9148
2.0	32	0.9301
3.0	48	0.9609
3.125	50	0.9609
4.0	64	0.9283
5.0	80	0.9301
6.0	96	0.9455
6.25	100	0.9455
7.0	112	0.9455
8.0	128	0.9455
9.0	144	0.9301
9.375	150	0.9301
10.0	160	0.9301

Framework Versions

Python: 3.11.11
Sentence Transformers: 3.4.1
Transformers: 4.48.3
PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu124
Accelerate: 1.3.0
Datasets: 3.3.0
Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

bibtex

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

bibtex

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

	sentence_0	sentence_1
type	string	string
details	min: 16 tokens mean: 22.5 tokens max: 37 tokens	min: 43 tokens mean: 130.53 tokens max: 204 tokens