              precision    recall  f1-score   support

           0       0.77      0.91      0.83       100
           1       0.89      0.73      0.80       100

    accuracy                           0.82       200
   macro avg       0.83      0.82      0.82       200
weighted avg       0.83      0.82      0.82       200

Model Usage

For best results, we recommend starting with the following prompting strategy (and encourage tweaks as you see fit):

python

def format_input(reference, query, response):
    prompt = f"""Your job is to evaluate whether a machine learning model has hallucinated or not.
    A hallucination occurs when the response is coherent but factually incorrect or nonsensical
    outputs that are not grounded in the provided context.
    You are given the following information:
    ####INFO####
    [Knowledge]: {reference}
    [User Input]: {query}
    [Model Response]: {response}
    ####END INFO####
    Based on the information provided is the model output a hallucination? Respond with only "yes" or "no"
    """
    return prompt

text = format_input(reference="The apple mac has the best hardware",
          query="What computer has the best software?",
          response="Apple mac")

messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": text}
]

pipe = pipeline(
    "text-generation",
    model=base_model,
    model_kwargs={"attn_implementation": attn_implementation, "torch_dtype": torch.float16},
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
)
generation_args = {
      "max_new_tokens": 2,
      "return_full_text": False,
      "temperature": 0.01,
      "do_sample": True,
  }

output = pipe(messages, **generation_args)
print(f'Hallucination: {output['generated_text'].strip().lower()}')
# Hallucination: yes

Comparison with Other Models

We compared our merged model's performance on the hallucination detection benchmark against several other state-of-the-art language models:

Model	Precision	Recall	F1
Our Merged Model	0.77	0.91	0.83
GPT-4	0.93	0.72	0.82
GPT-4 Turbo	0.97	0.70	0.81
Gemini Pro	0.89	0.53	0.67
GPT-3.5	0.89	0.65	0.75
GPT-3.5-turbo-instruct	0.89	0.80	0.84
Palm 2 (Text Bison)	1.00	0.44	0.61
Claude V2	0.80	0.95	0.87

Scores from arize/phoenix

As shown in the table, our merged model achieves competitive performance, with an F1 score of 0.83, matching or outperforming several state-of-the-art language models on this hallucination detection task.

Model description

This model is a fine-tuned version of the Phi-3.5-mini-instruct model, specifically adapted for hallucination detection. It has been trained on the HaluEval dataset to identify when language model outputs contain hallucinations - responses that are coherent but factually incorrect or not grounded in the provided context.

Intended uses & limitations

This model is intended for use in evaluating the outputs of language models to detect potential hallucinations. It can be integrated into pipelines for content validation, fact-checking, or as a component in larger systems aimed at improving the reliability of AI-generated content.

Limitations:

The model's performance may vary depending on the domain and complexity of the input.
It may not catch all types of hallucinations, especially those that are subtle or require extensive domain knowledge.
The model should be used as part of a broader strategy for ensuring AI output quality, not as a sole arbiter of truth.

Training and evaluation data

This model was trained using the HaluEval dataset:

@misc{HaluEval, author = {Junyi Li and Xiaoxue Cheng and Wayne Xin Zhao and Jian-Yun Nie and Ji-Rong Wen }, title = {HaluEval: A Large-Scale Hallucination Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models}, year = {2023}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.11747}, url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.11747} }

The HaluEval dataset is specifically designed for evaluating hallucinations in large language models, making it an ideal choice for training our hallucination detection model.

In order to test the model's performance for yourself, feel free to use the test set at grounded-ai/hallucination_test.

Training procedure

Training hyperparameters

The following hyperparameters were used during training:

learning_rate: 5e-05
train_batch_size: 2
eval_batch_size: 8
seed: 42
gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
total_train_batch_size: 4
optimizer: Adam with betas=(0.9,0.999) and epsilon=1e-08
lr_scheduler_type: cosine
lr_scheduler_warmup_steps: 20
training_steps: 100

Training results

Training Loss	Epoch	Step	Validation Loss
2.2594	0.5263	5	2.2572
1.6785	1.0526	10	1.8170
1.6015	1.5789	15	1.4296
1.0556	2.1053	20	1.1199
0.9412	2.6316	25	1.0660
0.8872	3.1579	30	1.0523
0.9157	3.6842	35	1.0713
0.7735	4.2105	40	1.0983
0.6182	4.7368	45	1.0816
0.734	5.2632	50	1.1017
0.4736	5.7895	55	1.2109
0.3138	6.3158	60	1.2195
0.5315	6.8421	65	1.3147

Framework versions

PEFT 0.12.0
Transformers 4.44.2
Pytorch 2.4.0+cu121
Datasets 2.21.0
Tokenizers 0.19.1

grounded-ai/phi3.5-hallucination-judge

Merged Model Performance

Hallucination Detection Metrics