If you already know T5, FLAN-T5 is just better at everything. For the same number of parameters, these models have been fine-tuned on more than 1000 additional tasks covering also more languages. As mentioned in the first few lines of the abstract :

Flan-PaLM 540B achieves state-of-the-art performance on several benchmarks, such as 75.2% on five-shot MMLU. We also publicly release Flan-T5 checkpoints,1 which achieve strong few-shot performance even compared to much larger models, such as PaLM 62B. Overall, instruction finetuning is a general method for improving the performance and usability of pretrained language models.

Disclaimer: Content from this model card has been written by the Hugging Face team, and parts of it were copy pasted from the T5 model card.

Model Details

Model Description

Model type: Language model
Language(s) (NLP): English, Spanish, Japanese, Persian, Hindi, French, Chinese, Bengali, Gujarati, German, Telugu, Italian, Arabic, Polish, Tamil, Marathi, Malayalam, Oriya, Panjabi, Portuguese, Urdu, Galician, Hebrew, Korean, Catalan, Thai, Dutch, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Bulgarian, Filipino, Central Khmer, Lao, Turkish, Russian, Croatian, Swedish, Yoruba, Kurdish, Burmese, Malay, Czech, Finnish, Somali, Tagalog, Swahili, Sinhala, Kannada, Zhuang, Igbo, Xhosa, Romanian, Haitian, Estonian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Greek, Nepali, Assamese, Norwegian
License: Apache 2.0
Related Models: All FLAN-T5 Checkpoints
Original Checkpoints: All Original FLAN-T5 Checkpoints
Resources for more information:

Usage

Find below some example scripts on how to use the model in transformers:

Using the Pytorch model

Running the model on a CPU

Click to expand

python

from transformers import T5Tokenizer, T5ForConditionalGeneration

tokenizer = T5Tokenizer.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-xl")
model = T5ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-xl")

input_text = "translate English to German: How old are you?"
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids

outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Running the model on a GPU

Click to expand

python

# pip install accelerate
from transformers import T5Tokenizer, T5ForConditionalGeneration

tokenizer = T5Tokenizer.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-xl")
model = T5ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-xl", device_map="auto")

input_text = "translate English to German: How old are you?"
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")

outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Running the model on a GPU using different precisions

FP16

Click to expand

python

# pip install accelerate
import torch
from transformers import T5Tokenizer, T5ForConditionalGeneration

tokenizer = T5Tokenizer.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-xl")
model = T5ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-xl", device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.float16)

input_text = "translate English to German: How old are you?"
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")

outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

INT8

Click to expand

python

# pip install bitsandbytes accelerate
from transformers import T5Tokenizer, T5ForConditionalGeneration

tokenizer = T5Tokenizer.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-xl")
model = T5ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-xl", device_map="auto", load_in_8bit=True)

input_text = "translate English to German: How old are you?"
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")

outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Uses

Direct Use and Downstream Use

The authors write in the original paper's model card that:

The primary use is research on language models, including: research on zero-shot NLP tasks and in-context few-shot learning NLP tasks, such as reasoning, and question answering; advancing fairness and safety research, and understanding limitations of current large language models

See the research paper for further details.

Out-of-Scope Use

More information needed.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

The information below in this section are copied from the model's official model card:

Language models, including Flan-T5, can potentially be used for language generation in a harmful way, according to Rae et al. (2021). Flan-T5 should not be used directly in any application, without a prior assessment of safety and fairness concerns specific to the application.

Ethical considerations and risks

Flan-T5 is fine-tuned on a large corpus of text data that was not filtered for explicit content or assessed for existing biases. As a result the model itself is potentially vulnerable to generating equivalently inappropriate content or replicating inherent biases in the underlying data.

Known Limitations

Flan-T5 has not been tested in real world applications.

Sensitive Use:

Flan-T5 should not be applied for any unacceptable use cases, e.g., generation of abusive speech.

Training Details

Training Data

The model was trained on a mixture of tasks, that includes the tasks described in the table below (from the original paper, figure 2):

Training Procedure

According to the model card from the original paper:

These models are based on pretrained T5 (Raffel et al., 2020) and fine-tuned with instructions for better zero-shot and few-shot performance. There is one fine-tuned Flan model per T5 model size.

The model has been trained on TPU v3 or TPU v4 pods, using t5x codebase together with jax.

Evaluation

Testing Data, Factors & Metrics

The authors evaluated the model on various tasks covering several languages (1836 in total). See the table below for some quantitative evaluation:

For full details, please check the research paper.

Results

For full results for FLAN-T5-XL, see the research paper, Table 3.

Environmental Impact

Carbon emissions can be estimated using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019).

Hardware Type: Google Cloud TPU Pods - TPU v3 or TPU v4 | Number of chips ≥ 4.
Hours used: More information needed
Cloud Provider: GCP
Compute Region: More information needed
Carbon Emitted: More information needed

Citation

BibTeX:

bibtex

@misc{https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2210.11416,
  doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2210.11416},
  
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.11416},
  
  author = {Chung, Hyung Won and Hou, Le and Longpre, Shayne and Zoph, Barret and Tay, Yi and Fedus, William and Li, Eric and Wang, Xuezhi and Dehghani, Mostafa and Brahma, Siddhartha and Webson, Albert and Gu, Shixiang Shane and Dai, Zhuyun and Suzgun, Mirac and Chen, Xinyun and Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Narang, Sharan and Mishra, Gaurav and Yu, Adams and Zhao, Vincent and Huang, Yanping and Dai, Andrew and Yu, Hongkun and Petrov, Slav and Chi, Ed H. and Dean, Jeff and Devlin, Jacob and Roberts, Adam and Zhou, Denny and Le, Quoc V. and Wei, Jason},
  
  keywords = {Machine Learning (cs.LG), Computation and Language (cs.CL), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
  
  title = {Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models},
  
  publisher = {arXiv},
  
  year = {2022},
  
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}
}

google/flan-t5-xl

Model Card for FLAN-T5 XL

Table of Contents

TL;DR

Model Details

Model Description

Usage

Using the Pytorch model

Running the model on a CPU

Running the model on a GPU

Running the model on a GPU using different precisions

FP16

INT8

Uses

Direct Use and Downstream Use

Out-of-Scope Use

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

Ethical considerations and risks

Known Limitations

Sensitive Use:

Training Details

Training Data

Training Procedure

Evaluation

Testing Data, Factors & Metrics

Results

Environmental Impact

Citation

google/
flan-t5-xl