This is a sentence-transformers model based on pretrained IndoBERT model by IndoLEM: It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768 dimensional dense vector space and can be used for tasks like clustering or semantic search. This model specifically trained on questio-passage pairs dataset making it work best on question-passage input, if you need a model on sentence-sentence pairs input please check genta-tech/indobert-base-snli.

Usage (Sentence-Transformers)

Using this model becomes easy when you have sentence-transformers installed:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can use the model like this:

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
sentences = ["This is an example sentence", "Each sentence is converted"]

model = SentenceTransformer('genta-tech/indobert-base-qnli')
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings)

Usage (HuggingFace Transformers)

Without sentence-transformers, you can use the model like this: First, you pass your input through the transformer model, then you have to apply the right pooling-operation on-top of the contextualized word embeddings.

python

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
import torch


#Mean Pooling - Take attention mask into account for correct averaging
def mean_pooling(model_output, attention_mask):
    token_embeddings = model_output[0] #First element of model_output contains all token embeddings
    input_mask_expanded = attention_mask.unsqueeze(-1).expand(token_embeddings.size()).float()
    return torch.sum(token_embeddings * input_mask_expanded, 1) / torch.clamp(input_mask_expanded.sum(1), min=1e-9)


# Sentences we want sentence embeddings for
sentences = ['This is an example sentence', 'Each sentence is converted']

# Load model from HuggingFace Hub
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('genta-tech/indobert-base-qnli')
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('genta-tech/indobert-base-qnli')

# Tokenize sentences
encoded_input = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')

# Compute token embeddings
with torch.no_grad():
    model_output = model(**encoded_input)

# Perform pooling. In this case, mean pooling.
sentence_embeddings = mean_pooling(model_output, encoded_input['attention_mask'])

print("Sentence embeddings:")
print(sentence_embeddings)

Evaluation Results

This model is not currently evaluated.

Training

The model was trained with the parameters:

DataLoader:

torch.utils.data.dataloader.DataLoader of length 5475 with parameters:

{'batch_size': 16, 'sampler': 'torch.utils.data.sampler.RandomSampler', 'batch_sampler': 'torch.utils.data.sampler.BatchSampler'}

Loss:

sentence_transformers.losses.MultipleNegativesRankingLoss.MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with parameters:

{'scale': 20.0, 'similarity_fct': 'cos_sim'}

Parameters of the fit()-Method:

{
    "epochs": 10,
    "evaluation_steps": 0,
    "evaluator": "NoneType",
    "max_grad_norm": 1,
    "optimizer_class": "<class 'torch.optim.adamw.AdamW'>",
    "optimizer_params": {
        "lr": 2e-05
    },
    "scheduler": "WarmupLinear",
    "steps_per_epoch": null,
    "warmup_steps": 10000,
    "weight_decay": 0.01
}

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False})
)

Citing & Authors

@inproceedings{koto2020indolem,
  title={IndoLEM and IndoBERT: A Benchmark Dataset and Pre-trained Language Model for Indonesian NLP},
  author={Fajri Koto and Afshin Rahimi and Jey Han Lau and Timothy Baldwin},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 28th COLING},
  year={2020}
}
@article{warstadt2018neural,
  title={Neural Network Acceptability Judgments},
  author={Warstadt, Alex and Singh, Amanpreet and Bowman, Samuel R},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.12471},
  year={2018}
}
@inproceedings{wang2019glue,
  title={{GLUE}: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding},
  author={Wang, Alex and Singh, Amanpreet and Michael, Julian and Hill, Felix and Levy, Omer and Bowman, Samuel R.},
  note={In the Proceedings of ICLR.},
  year={2019}
}
@inproceedings{clark2019boolq,
  title={BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questions},
  author={Clark, Christopher and Lee, Kenton and Chang, Ming-Wei, and Kwiatkowski, Tom and Collins, Michael, and Toutanova, Kristina},
  booktitle={NAACL},
  year={2019}
}
@article{wang2019superglue,
  title={SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systems},
  author={Wang, Alex and Pruksachatkun, Yada and Nangia, Nikita and Singh, Amanpreet and Michael, Julian and Hill, Felix and Levy, Omer and Bowman, Samuel R},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.00537},
  year={2019}
}