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| Fallacy Type | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ad hominem | Attacking a person/group instead of addressing their arguments |
| Anecdote | Using personal experience or isolated examples instead of sound arguments or compelling evidence |
| Cherry Picking | Selecting data that appear to confirm one position while ignoring other data that contradicts that position |
| Conspiracy theory | Proposing that a secret plan exists to implement a nefarious scheme such as hiding a truth |
| Fake experts | Presenting an unqualified person or institution as a source of credible information. |
| False choice | Presenting two options as the only possibilities, when other possibilities exist |
| False equivalence | Incorrectly claiming that two things are equivalent, despite the fact that there are notable differences between them |
| Impossible expectations | Demanding unrealistic standards of certainty before acting on the science |
| Misrepresentation | Misrepresenting a situation or an opponent’s position in such a way as to distort understanding |
| Oversimplification | Simplifying a situation in such a way as to distort understanding, leading to erroneous conclusions |
| Single cause | Assuming a single cause or reason when there might be multiple causes or reasons |
| Slothful induction | Ignoring relevant evidence when coming to a conclusion |