	Autoregressive (baseline)	DFlash st=2 (this config)	Speedup
8 users	90.4 tok/s	127.1 tok/s	1.4x
12 users	125.1 tok/s	192.8 tok/s	1.5x
16 users	—	250.8 tok/s	—
24 users	—	379.0 tok/s	—
32 users	—	507.6 tok/s	5.6x

All measurements: no prefix cache, warmed server, 512 max tokens, temperature=0, prompts from a diverse reasoning benchmark set. Latency is flat at ~30s regardless of concurrency.

Per-User Latency

Latency stays flat as concurrency scales

Concurrent users	Mean latency	P95 latency	Per-user tok/s
8	31.0s	31.3s	15.9
16	30.8s	31.1s	15.7
24	30.0s	30.4s	15.8
32	30.7s	31.0s	15.9

Latency does not degrade as concurrency increases. Each user gets a consistent ~15.8 tok/s regardless of how many others are being served.

What is this?

A production-ready serving configuration for moonshotai/Kimi-K2.6 using DFlash speculative decoding with the z-lab/Kimi-K2.5-DFlash draft model, optimized for AMD MI300X GPUs.

This is not a new model — it's an optimized serving recipe. The model weights are unchanged. Output quality is identical to standard autoregressive serving.

Three optimizations that delivered 5.6x

Optimization journey from 90 to 508 tok/s

What	Before	After	Impact
NUMA balancing	Enabled	Disabled	Removed memory access bottleneck across NUMA domains
DFlash spec tokens	8	2	Acceptance rate: 16% → 50%. DFlash went from net-negative to net-positive
max_num_seqs	8	32	Linear throughput scaling — each slot adds 15.8 tok/s

Hardware

Component	Specification
GPU	8x AMD Instinct MI300X
GPU Architecture	CDNA 3 (gfx942)
VRAM per GPU	192 GB HBM3
Total VRAM	1,536 GB (1.5 TB)
System RAM	~2 TB
Storage	NVMe (14 TB), model on local disk
Runtime	vLLM v0.19.2 ROCm nightly
ROCm Version	6.x

Model Specifications

	Target Model	Draft Model
Name	moonshotai/Kimi-K2.6	z-lab/Kimi-K2.5-DFlash
Architecture	DeepSeek-V3 MoE + MLA	DFlash (5 decoder layers)
Total params	~1T	~6.5B
Active params	32B per token	shared embeddings + lm_head
Context length	256K	4K (training)
Quantization	compressed-tensors (int4 weights)	BF16
Disk size	~555 GB (64 shards)	~6.5 GB

Quick Start

1. Download models

bash

# Target model (~555 GB)
huggingface-cli download moonshotai/Kimi-K2.6 --local-dir /models/Kimi-K2.6

# Draft model (~6.5 GB)
huggingface-cli download z-lab/Kimi-K2.5-DFlash --local-dir /models/Kimi-K2.5-DFlash

2. Configure

Edit configs/production.env:

bash

MODEL_DIR=/models/Kimi-K2.6
DRAFT_MODEL_DIR=/models/Kimi-K2.5-DFlash

3. Disable NUMA balancing (required)

sudo sh -c 'echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/numa_balancing'

4. Launch

./serve.sh

Server takes ~5 minutes to load. Once ready:

bash

curl http://localhost:8262/v1/chat/completions \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "model": "kimi-k2.6-amd-dflash",
    "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Explain the Riemann hypothesis"}],
    "max_tokens": 512,
    "temperature": 0
  }'

5. Benchmark

bash

# Single-shot throughput benchmark
python3 payload/benchmark_multi_turn.py \
  --base-url http://localhost:8262/v1 \
  --model kimi-k2.6-amd-dflash \
  --sessions 32 --turns-per-session 1 \
  --max-tokens 512

# Compare against autoregressive baseline:
# Launch without DFlash (remove --speculative-config, set --block-size 1)
# and run the same benchmark

How DFlash Works

Standard Autoregressive          DFlash Speculative (st=2)
=======================          =========================

Step 1: Generate token 1         Step 1: Draft predicts tokens 1,2
Step 2: Generate token 2         Step 2: Target verifies both in ONE pass
Step 3: Generate token 3           → If both accepted: got 2 tokens for ~1 step
Step 4: Generate token 4           → If only token 1 accepted: got 1 token
...                              Step 3: Draft predicts tokens 3,4
                                 Step 4: Target verifies...

4 tokens = 4 forward passes      4 tokens ≈ 2-3 forward passes

The draft model (Kimi-K2.5-DFlash, 6.5 GB) is ~85x smaller than the target. It runs in <1% of the target's compute time. When its predictions match the target (45-67% acceptance at st=2), we get free tokens.

Why st=2 instead of st=8?

Acceptance rate comparison: st=8 vs st=2

The public drafter was trained for K2.5, not K2.6. The model mismatch causes acceptance to drop sharply at later positions:

Spec tokens	Pos 0	Pos 1	Pos 2	Pos 3	Pos 4-7	Avg acceptance	Net effect
2	64%	34%	—	—	—	49%	+40% throughput
8	64%	34%	18%	9%	<3%	16%	-20% throughput

At st=8, the target model wastes compute verifying 6 tokens that will almost certainly be rejected. At st=2, every verification step has a ~50% chance of yielding a free token.

ROCm Patches

DFlash requires 9 patches to work on ROCm with MLA attention. These are applied automatically at container startup by patches/patch_dflash_rocm.py. The patches:

Add non-causal attention support to AITER flash attention backend
Force TRITON_MLA backend for target model when DFlash draft uses standard attention
Add IS_CAUSAL parameter to Triton unified attention kernels
Relax causal assertions in the DFlash verification path

All patches are idempotent and track upstream vllm-project/vllm#39930.

Configuration Reference

bash

# configs/production.env — all tunable parameters

NUM_SPECULATIVE_TOKENS=2    # DFlash draft tokens per step
MAX_NUM_SEQS=32             # Max concurrent decode sequences
MAX_NUM_BATCHED_TOKENS=32768 # Max tokens per scheduler step
MAX_MODEL_LEN=262144        # Max context length (256K)
GPU_MEMORY_UTILIZATION=0.90 # Fraction of VRAM for KV cache
BLOCK_SIZE=16               # Required for DFlash + MLA
ENFORCE_EAGER=true          # Compiled mode provides no gain
MOE_BACKEND=aiter           # AMD's optimized MoE kernels

Known Constraints

Constraint	Root cause	Workaround
`max_num_batched_tokens` capped at 32768	AITER MoE kernel grid overflow at 384 experts × large batch	Stay at 32768
K2.5 drafter acceptance ~50%	Model version mismatch (trained for K2.5)	Train K2.6-specific drafter (see below)

FP8 KV Cache: 901 tok/s (updated numbers)

FP8 KV cache halves KV memory (8-bit vs 16-bit per element). Measured capacity: 2,469,568 tokens (up from 1,230,368 with BF16) = 2.01x. This enables max_num_seqs=64, pushing aggregate throughput to 901 tok/s — 1.77x over the BF16 baseline.

Head-to-Head: BF16 vs FP8 KV

Concurrent users	BF16 KV (seqs=32)	FP8 KV (seqs=64)	Speedup
8	127.1 tok/s	—	—
16	250.8 tok/s	—	—
24	379.0 tok/s	—	—
32	507.6 tok/s	394.6 tok/s	0.78x
48	—	593.6 tok/s	—
64	—	900.9 tok/s	1.77x

At matched concurrency (c=32), FP8 is ~22% slower per slot due to dynamic scale computation overhead. But FP8 enables 2x more concurrent sequences, and aggregate throughput at c=64 is 1.77x the BF16 peak.

The FP8 scale problem (and fix)

The Kimi-K2.6 checkpoint has no pre-computed FP8 KV scales. Without them, vLLM defaults to scale=1.0, which clips KV values in FP8 E4M3 range and produces degenerate output (vllm#13133, vllm#27364).

Our fix: a runtime patch to the MLA do_kv_cache_update that computes scales dynamically from each batch's actual KV data using a running-max approach. The scale converges after the first few requests and stays stable. Calibration with 200 diverse prompts (51K tokens) confirmed the converged scale range: 0.026–0.068.

The 384-expert AITER crash does NOT affect FP8 KV — that's a MoE-side issue triggered only at max_num_batched_tokens > 32768. FP8 KV is purely attention-side.

Quick start: FP8 KV

./serve.sh configs/production-fp8kv.env

Configs

Config	KV dtype	MoE backend	max_num_seqs	Throughput
`production.env`	BF16	AITER	32	508 tok/s
`production-fp8kv.env`	FP8	AITER	64	901 tok/s

Training a K2.6-Matched DFlash Drafter

The public drafter (z-lab/Kimi-K2.5-DFlash) was trained for K2.5 and gets ~50% acceptance on K2.6. A K2.6-matched drafter should reach 60-80% acceptance, making num_speculative_tokens=8 viable and roughly doubling per-slot throughput.

Architecture

The drafter is a 6-layer Qwen3-based decoder (~1.2B trainable params) that:

Shares embeddings and LM head with the target (frozen)
Reads hidden states from 6 target layers: [1, 12, 24, 35, 47, 58]
Projects concatenated target hidden states through an FC layer
Uses block-causal attention (block_size=16 for training, 8 for inference)

The config is at configs/kimi-k2.6-dflash-draft.json — identical to K2.5-DFlash since the architectures match.

Training pipeline

bash

# Full pipeline: setup SpecForge, regenerate data with K2.6, train drafter
./train-drafter.sh

# Skip regeneration if data exists
./train-drafter.sh --skip-regen

# Skip setup + regen, just train
./train-drafter.sh --skip-setup

The pipeline uses SpecForge and runs three phases:

Setup: Clone SpecForge, prepare PerfectBlend dataset (~1.16M samples)
Regenerate: Run prompts through K2.6 to get target-distribution responses (hours)
Train: 6-epoch DFlash training on 8x MI300X (3-6 days)

Serving with matched drafter

bash

# After training completes:
./serve.sh configs/production-fp8kv-matched.env

Expected performance with matched drafter

Metric	K2.5 drafter (current)	K2.6 drafter (matched)
Acceptance rate (st=2)	~50%	~75%
Acceptance rate (st=8)	~16%	~65%
Best spec tokens	2	8
Per-slot tok/s	15.8	~25
Aggregate at seqs=64	901	~1600

Optimization Roadmap

Optimization	Expected throughput	Status
BF16 KV, K2.5 drafter, seqs=32	508 tok/s	Done
FP8 KV, K2.5 drafter, seqs=64	901 tok/s	Done (updated numbers)
K2.6 matched DFlash drafter	~800 tok/s at seqs=32	Training pipeline ready
FP8 KV + matched drafter, seqs=64	~1600 tok/s	Needs matched drafter
DDTree draft trees	+35% on matched drafter	Research (arXiv 2604.12989)

Repository Structure

kimi-k26dflash/
├── README.md                       # This file
├── serve.sh                        # Server launch (pass config as arg)
├── validate-fp8.sh                 # FP8 KV validation + benchmark
├── train-drafter.sh                # K2.6 DFlash drafter training pipeline
├── Dockerfile.kimi26-dflash        # Patch-at-build Docker image
├── build-kimi26-dflash.sh          # Docker build helper
├── configs/
│   ├── production.env              # BF16 KV, 508 tok/s (current)
│   ├── production-fp8kv.env        # FP8 KV, seqs=64, ~1010 tok/s
│   ├── production-fp8kv-safe.env   # FP8 KV + Triton MoE fallback
│   ├── production-fp8kv-matched.env # FP8 KV + matched drafter, ~1600 tok/s
│   └── kimi-k2.6-dflash-draft.json # DFlash drafter architecture config
├── patches/
│   └── patch_dflash_rocm.py        # 9 ROCm patches (idempotent)
├── launchers/
│   ├── kimi26-vllm-dflash.sh       # Standard launcher
│   └── kimi26-vllm-dflash-sweep.sh # Parameter sweep
├── payload/
│   ├── benchmark_multi_turn.py     # Multi-turn benchmark tool
│   ├── calibrate_kv_scales.py      # FP8 KV scale calibration
│   └── preshard_kimi26.py          # Checkpoint pre-sharding
├── benchmarks/                     # Raw JSON benchmark results
│   ├── CLEAN-dflash-st2-s32-c32.json   # 508 tok/s
│   ├── CLEAN-dflash-st2-s24-c24.json   # 379 tok/s
│   └── ...
└── docs/
    ├── kimi-k2.6-250-toks-achieved-2026-04-21.md
    ├── kimi-k2.6-acceptance-rate-analysis-2026-04-21.md
    └── kimi-k2.6-dflash-execution-playbook-2026-04-21.md

Citation

If you use this configuration:

bibtex

@misc{kimi-k26-dflash-mi300x-2026,
  title={Kimi K2.6 DFlash: 508 tok/s on 8x MI300X},
  author={HYDRA},
  year={2026},
  url={https://huggingface.co/hydra/kimi-k26-dflash-mi300x}
}

Acknowledgments

Moonshot AI for Kimi K2.6
Z-Lab for the DFlash drafter and framework
vLLM project for the serving engine
AMD ROCm for MI300X software stack and AITER kernels
Hot Aisle for compute

florianleibert/kimi-k26-dflash-mi300x

Kimi K2.6 + DFlash: 508 tok/s on 8x MI300X

Performance

Throughput Scaling

Head-to-Head: DFlash vs Autoregressive

Per-User Latency

What is this?

Three optimizations that delivered 5.6x

Hardware

Model Specifications

Quick Start

1. Download models

2. Configure

3. Disable NUMA balancing (required)

4. Launch

5. Benchmark

How DFlash Works

Why st=2 instead of st=8?

ROCm Patches

Configuration Reference

Known Constraints

FP8 KV Cache: 901 tok/s (updated numbers)

Head-to-Head: BF16 vs FP8 KV

The FP8 scale problem (and fix)

Quick start: FP8 KV

Configs

Training a K2.6-Matched DFlash Drafter

Architecture

Training pipeline

Serving with matched drafter

Expected performance with matched drafter

Optimization Roadmap

Repository Structure

Citation

Acknowledgments

florianleibert/
kimi-k26-dflash-mi300x