This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m-v1.5. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m-v1.5
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'How does the operational efficiency of energy systems impact the integration of renewable energy sources into the grid, and what role does this play in improving overall energy efficiency?',
    '(58) Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (21) lays down rules on installations that contribute to energy production or use energy for production purposes, and provides that information on the energy used in or generated by the installation is to be included in applications for integrated permits in accordance with Article 12(1), point (b) of that Directive. Moreover, Article 11 of that Directive provides that efficient use of energy is one of the general principles governing the basic obligations of the operator and one of the criteria for determining best available techniques pursuant to Annex III to that Directive. The operational efficiency of energy systems at any given moment is influenced by the ability to feed power generated from different sources with different degrees of inertia and start-up times into the grid smoothly and flexibly. Improving efficiency will enable better use to be made of renewable energy.\n\n(59) Improvement in energy efficiency can contribute to higher economic output. Member States and the Union should aim to decrease energy consumption regardless of levels of economic growth.\n\n(60) The energy savings obligation established by this Directive should be increased and should also apply after 2030. That ensures stability for investors and thus encourages long-term investments and long-term energy efficiency measures, such as the deep renovation of buildings with the long-term objective of facilitating the cost effective transformation of existing buildings into nearly zero-energy buildings. The energy savings obligation plays an important role in the creation of local growth, jobs, competitiveness and alleviating energy poverty. It should ensure that the Union can achieve its energy and climate objectives by creating further opportunities and by breaking the link between energy consumption and growth. Cooperation with the private sector is important to assess the conditions on which private investment for energy efficiency projects can be unlocked and to develop new revenue models for innovation in the field of energy efficiency.',
    'where:\n\n‘distance’ means the great circle distance between the aerodrome of departure and the aerodrome of arrival plus an additional fixed factor of 95 km; and\n\n‘payload’ means the total mass of freight, mail and passengers carried.\n\nFor the purposes of calculating the payload:\n\nthe number of passengers shall be the number of persons on-board excluding crew members,\n\nan aircraft operator may choose to apply either the actual or standard mass for passengers and checked baggage contained in its mass and balance documentation for the relevant flights or a default value of 100 kg for each passenger and his checked baggage.\n\nReporting of tonne-kilometre data for the purpose of Articles 3e and 3f',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.811
cosine_accuracy@3	0.943
cosine_accuracy@5	0.9704
cosine_accuracy@10	0.9849
cosine_precision@1	0.811
cosine_precision@3	0.3143
cosine_precision@5	0.1941
cosine_precision@10	0.0985
cosine_recall@1	0.811
cosine_recall@3	0.943
cosine_recall@5	0.9704
cosine_recall@10	0.9849
cosine_ndcg@10	0.9068
cosine_mrr@10	0.8808
cosine_map@100	0.8816

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 32,897 training samples
Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
sentence_0 sentence_1
type string string
details
min: 12 tokens
mean: 41.21 tokens
max: 184 tokens
min: 3 tokens
mean: 234.18 tokens
max: 512 tokens

Samples:

sentence_0	sentence_1
`What is the maximum allowable concentration of Dimethylfumarate in articles or parts thereof, and what are the implications for market placement if this concentration is exceeded?`	"32011R0366: INSERTED") 60. Acrylamide CAS No 79-06-1 Shall not be placed on the market or used as a substance or constituent of mixtures in a concentration, equal to or greater than 0,1 % by weight for grouting applications after 5 November 2012. [object Object] 61. Dimethylfumarate (DMF) CAS No 624-49-7 EC 210-849-0 Shall not be used in articles or any parts thereof in concentrations greater than 0,1 mg/kg. Articles or any parts thereof containing DMF in concentrations greater than 0,1 mg/kg shall not be placed on the market. [object Object] 62. (a) Phenylmercury acetate EC No: 200-532-5 CAS No:
`The passage highlights the importance of ensuring that hygiene products made partly or wholly from plastics remain safe by avoiding harmful chemical substances. By calling for the assessment of additional restrictions under chemical regulations, it underscores a precautionary stance rooted in safeguarding consumer well-being, particularly for products intimately connected to human health.`	`(19)`
`What responsibilities do Member States have regarding penalties for infringements of national provisions adopted under the directive?`	`Member States shall lay down the rules on penalties applicable to infringements of national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented. The penalties provided for shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive. Member States shall, by 3 July 2021, notify the Commission of those rules and those measures and shall notify it of any subsequent amendment affecting them.`

Loss: MatryoshkaLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", 3 "matryoshka_dims": [ 4 768, 5 512, 6 256, 7 128, 8 64 9 ], 10 "matryoshka_weights": [ 11 1, 12 1, 13 1, 14 1, 15 1 16 ], 17 "n_dims_per_step": -1 18}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 4
per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
num_train_epochs: 4
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 4
per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 5e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1
num_train_epochs: 4
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.0
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

Training Logs

Click to expand

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	cosine_ndcg@10
0.0122	100	-	0.6297
0.0243	200	-	0.7126
0.0365	300	-	0.7753
0.0486	400	-	0.8207
0.0608	500	0.3802	0.8440
0.0729	600	-	0.8541
0.0851	700	-	0.8600
0.0973	800	-	0.8646
0.1094	900	-	0.8693
0.1216	1000	0.0994	0.8703
0.1337	1100	-	0.8769
0.1459	1200	-	0.8739
0.1581	1300	-	0.8716
0.1702	1400	-	0.8766
0.1824	1500	0.0749	0.8791
0.1945	1600	-	0.8791
0.2067	1700	-	0.8793
0.2188	1800	-	0.8810
0.2310	1900	-	0.8801
0.2432	2000	0.0834	0.8821
0.2553	2100	-	0.8851
0.2675	2200	-	0.8810
0.2796	2300	-	0.8790
0.2918	2400	-	0.8799
0.3040	2500	0.0686	0.8762
0.3161	2600	-	0.8785
0.3283	2700	-	0.8801
0.3404	2800	-	0.8754
0.3526	2900	-	0.8767
0.3647	3000	0.0402	0.8748
0.3769	3100	-	0.8742
0.3891	3200	-	0.8733
0.4012	3300	-	0.8801
0.4134	3400	-	0.8824
0.4255	3500	0.065	0.8796
0.4377	3600	-	0.8783
0.4498	3700	-	0.8707
0.4620	3800	-	0.8768
0.4742	3900	-	0.8761
0.4863	4000	0.0543	0.8797
0.4985	4100	-	0.8787
0.5106	4200	-	0.8796
0.5228	4300	-	0.8788
0.5350	4400	-	0.8808
0.5471	4500	0.0817	0.8813
0.5593	4600	-	0.8778
0.5714	4700	-	0.8794
0.5836	4800	-	0.8824
0.5957	4900	-	0.8820
0.6079	5000	0.0425	0.8809
0.6201	5100	-	0.8786
0.6322	5200	-	0.8794
0.6444	5300	-	0.8760
0.6565	5400	-	0.8765
0.6687	5500	0.0509	0.8743
0.6809	5600	-	0.8792
0.6930	5700	-	0.8835
0.7052	5800	-	0.8825
0.7173	5900	-	0.8826
0.7295	6000	0.0538	0.8817
0.7416	6100	-	0.8769
0.7538	6200	-	0.8793
0.7660	6300	-	0.8785
0.7781	6400	-	0.8775
0.7903	6500	0.0193	0.8790
0.8024	6600	-	0.8827
0.8146	6700	-	0.8782
0.8267	6800	-	0.8727
0.8389	6900	-	0.8807
0.8511	7000	0.0441	0.8819
0.8632	7100	-	0.8825
0.8754	7200	-	0.8822
0.8875	7300	-	0.8781
0.8997	7400	-	0.8794
0.9119	7500	0.0518	0.8799
0.9240	7600	-	0.8801
0.9362	7700	-	0.8792
0.9483	7800	-	0.8773
0.9605	7900	-	0.8759
0.9726	8000	0.03	0.8768
0.9848	8100	-	0.8748
0.9970	8200	-	0.8736
1.0	8225	-	0.8802
1.0091	8300	-	0.8779
1.0213	8400	-	0.8747
1.0334	8500	0.028	0.8798
1.0456	8600	-	0.8793
1.0578	8700	-	0.8773
1.0699	8800	-	0.8810
1.0821	8900	-	0.8823
1.0942	9000	0.0232	0.8782
1.1064	9100	-	0.8844
1.1185	9200	-	0.8772
1.1307	9300	-	0.8746
1.1429	9400	-	0.8739
1.1550	9500	0.0316	0.8806
1.1672	9600	-	0.8789
1.1793	9700	-	0.8818
1.1915	9800	-	0.8812
1.2036	9900	-	0.8871
1.2158	10000	0.0251	0.8876
1.2280	10100	-	0.8884
1.2401	10200	-	0.8859
1.2523	10300	-	0.8844
1.2644	10400	-	0.8840
1.2766	10500	0.0244	0.8844
1.2888	10600	-	0.8842
1.3009	10700	-	0.8874
1.3131	10800	-	0.8875
1.3252	10900	-	0.8827
1.3374	11000	0.0258	0.8831
1.3495	11100	-	0.8830
1.3617	11200	-	0.8831
1.3739	11300	-	0.8845
1.3860	11400	-	0.8868
1.3982	11500	0.0334	0.8871
1.4103	11600	-	0.8872
1.4225	11700	-	0.8886
1.4347	11800	-	0.8894
1.4468	11900	-	0.8876
1.4590	12000	0.0167	0.8906
1.4711	12100	-	0.8915
1.4833	12200	-	0.8910
1.4954	12300	-	0.8892
1.5076	12400	-	0.8894
1.5198	12500	0.0216	0.8877
1.5319	12600	-	0.8899
1.5441	12700	-	0.8881
1.5562	12800	-	0.8889
1.5684	12900	-	0.8869
1.5805	13000	0.0181	0.8879
1.5927	13100	-	0.8883
1.6049	13200	-	0.8876
1.6170	13300	-	0.8873
1.6292	13400	-	0.8895
1.6413	13500	0.0236	0.8913
1.6535	13600	-	0.8918
1.6657	13700	-	0.8933
1.6778	13800	-	0.8913
1.6900	13900	-	0.8937
1.7021	14000	0.0291	0.8941
1.7143	14100	-	0.8950
1.7264	14200	-	0.8957
1.7386	14300	-	0.8912
1.7508	14400	-	0.8937
1.7629	14500	0.0266	0.8922
1.7751	14600	-	0.8903
1.7872	14700	-	0.8930
1.7994	14800	-	0.8913
1.8116	14900	-	0.8913
1.8237	15000	0.018	0.8925
1.8359	15100	-	0.8928
1.8480	15200	-	0.8889
1.8602	15300	-	0.8884
1.8723	15400	-	0.8876
1.8845	15500	0.018	0.8891
1.8967	15600	-	0.8887
1.9088	15700	-	0.8891
1.9210	15800	-	0.8924
1.9331	15900	-	0.8891
1.9453	16000	0.0223	0.8902
1.9574	16100	-	0.8943
1.9696	16200	-	0.8925
1.9818	16300	-	0.8905
1.9939	16400	-	0.8892
2.0	16450	-	0.8897
2.0061	16500	0.0274	0.8889
2.0182	16600	-	0.8914
2.0304	16700	-	0.8871
2.0426	16800	-	0.8878
2.0547	16900	-	0.8882
2.0669	17000	0.0178	0.8879
2.0790	17100	-	0.8892
2.0912	17200	-	0.8896
2.1033	17300	-	0.8933
2.1155	17400	-	0.8936
2.1277	17500	0.0079	0.8942
2.1398	17600	-	0.8927
2.1520	17700	-	0.8914
2.1641	17800	-	0.8932
2.1763	17900	-	0.8917
2.1884	18000	0.0031	0.8921
2.2006	18100	-	0.8912
2.2128	18200	-	0.8879
2.2249	18300	-	0.8865
2.2371	18400	-	0.8847
2.2492	18500	0.0127	0.8869
2.2614	18600	-	0.8880
2.2736	18700	-	0.8885
2.2857	18800	-	0.8901
2.2979	18900	-	0.8880
2.3100	19000	0.019	0.8897
2.3222	19100	-	0.8918
2.3343	19200	-	0.8895
2.3465	19300	-	0.8918
2.3587	19400	-	0.8933
2.3708	19500	0.0177	0.8936
2.3830	19600	-	0.8919
2.3951	19700	-	0.8922
2.4073	19800	-	0.8923
2.4195	19900	-	0.8946
2.4316	20000	0.0085	0.8935
2.4438	20100	-	0.8944
2.4559	20200	-	0.8918
2.4681	20300	-	0.8948
2.4802	20400	-	0.8937
2.4924	20500	0.0073	0.8935
2.5046	20600	-	0.8942
2.5167	20700	-	0.8939
2.5289	20800	-	0.8950
2.5410	20900	-	0.8974
2.5532	21000	0.01	0.8961
2.5653	21100	-	0.8977
2.5775	21200	-	0.8985
2.5897	21300	-	0.8962
2.6018	21400	-	0.8981
2.6140	21500	0.0148	0.8978
2.6261	21600	-	0.8967
2.6383	21700	-	0.8978
2.6505	21800	-	0.8975
2.6626	21900	-	0.9010
2.6748	22000	0.0271	0.9000
2.6869	22100	-	0.8973
2.6991	22200	-	0.8987
2.7112	22300	-	0.9005
2.7234	22400	-	0.8990
2.7356	22500	0.0108	0.8993
2.7477	22600	-	0.9011
2.7599	22700	-	0.8998
2.7720	22800	-	0.8981
2.7842	22900	-	0.9006
2.7964	23000	0.0067	0.9010
2.8085	23100	-	0.9028
2.8207	23200	-	0.9024
2.8328	23300	-	0.9027
2.8450	23400	-	0.9024
2.8571	23500	0.01	0.9031
2.8693	23600	-	0.9029
2.8815	23700	-	0.9022
2.8936	23800	-	0.8992
2.9058	23900	-	0.9007
2.9179	24000	0.0081	0.9005
2.9301	24100	-	0.8990
2.9422	24200	-	0.8992
2.9544	24300	-	0.9021
2.9666	24400	-	0.9003
2.9787	24500	0.0142	0.9016
2.9909	24600	-	0.9018
3.0	24675	-	0.9014
3.0030	24700	-	0.9014
3.0152	24800	-	0.9012
3.0274	24900	-	0.9006
3.0395	25000	0.0033	0.9002
3.0517	25100	-	0.9013
3.0638	25200	-	0.9025
3.0760	25300	-	0.9022
3.0881	25400	-	0.9013
3.1003	25500	0.0072	0.9008
3.1125	25600	-	0.9007
3.1246	25700	-	0.8997
3.1368	25800	-	0.8982
3.1489	25900	-	0.8992
3.1611	26000	0.0147	0.8999
3.1733	26100	-	0.9010
3.1854	26200	-	0.9002
3.1976	26300	-	0.9024
3.2097	26400	-	0.9017
3.2219	26500	0.0154	0.9038
3.2340	26600	-	0.9039
3.2462	26700	-	0.9040
3.2584	26800	-	0.9031
3.2705	26900	-	0.9035
3.2827	27000	0.0078	0.9035
3.2948	27100	-	0.9038
3.3070	27200	-	0.9041
3.3191	27300	-	0.9039
3.3313	27400	-	0.9026
3.3435	27500	0.0041	0.9025
3.3556	27600	-	0.9027
3.3678	27700	-	0.9037
3.3799	27800	-	0.9029
3.3921	27900	-	0.9030
3.4043	28000	0.0043	0.9028
3.4164	28100	-	0.9027
3.4286	28200	-	0.9027
3.4407	28300	-	0.9037
3.4529	28400	-	0.9048
3.4650	28500	0.0102	0.9040
3.4772	28600	-	0.9042
3.4894	28700	-	0.9050
3.5015	28800	-	0.9046
3.5137	28900	-	0.9057
3.5258	29000	0.0075	0.9048
3.5380	29100	-	0.9045
3.5502	29200	-	0.9052
3.5623	29300	-	0.9053
3.5745	29400	-	0.9068

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.11
Sentence Transformers: 3.4.1
Transformers: 4.48.1
PyTorch: 2.4.0+cu121
Accelerate: 1.4.0
Datasets: 3.3.2
Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

bibtex

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

bibtex

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

	sentence_0	sentence_1
type	string	string
details	min: 12 tokens mean: 41.21 tokens max: 184 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 234.18 tokens max: 512 tokens

fjavigv/snoweu_v3

SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m-v1.5

Model Details

Model Description

Model Sources

Full Model Architecture

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

All Hyperparameters

Training Logs

Framework Versions

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

MatryoshkaLoss

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

fjavigv/
snoweu_v3