This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2
Maximum Sequence Length: 256 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 384 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("dabraldeepti25/embedding-model-midterm-submission-updated")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Comprehensive Flight Analysis: NYC to ROM\n            \n            Route Overview:\n            \n    Route Characteristics:\n    - Distance and typical duration\n    - Common connection points\n    - Seasonal weather impact\n    - Time zone considerations\n    \n    Market Analysis:\n    - Popular travel periods\n    - Price fluctuation patterns\n    - Competing airlines\n    - Alternative routes\n    \n    Operational Considerations:\n    - Aircraft types commonly used\n    - Typical delays and causes\n    - Seasonal performance metrics\n    - Airport congestion analysis\n    \n            \n            Pricing Information:\n            Base Fare: 184.00\n            Total Price: 333.65 EUR\n            \n            Detailed Flight Information:\n            \n                    Flight Segment Analysis:\n                    Carrier: TP 204\n                    Equipment: 32Q\n                    \n                    Departure Details:\n                    Airport: EWR\n                    Terminal: B\n                    Time: 2025-03-27T00:55:00\n                    \n                    Arrival Details:\n                    Airport: LIS\n                    Terminal: 1\n                    Time: 2025-03-27T11:40:00\n                    \n                    Operational Information:\n                    - Aircraft specifications\n                    - Typical on-time performance\n                    - Seasonal reliability metrics\n                    \n                    Flight Segment Analysis:\n                    Carrier: TP 838\n                    Equipment: 32N\n                    \n                    Departure Details:\n                    Airport: LIS\n                    Terminal: 1\n                    Time: 2025-03-27T20:00:00\n                    \n                    Arrival Details:\n                    Airport: FCO\n                    Terminal: 1\n                    Time: 2025-03-28T00:05:00\n                    \n                    Operational Information:\n                    - Aircraft specifications\n                    - Typical on-time performance\n                    - Seasonal reliability metrics\n                    \n            \n            Route Market Analysis:\n            - Historical price trends\n            - Peak travel periods\n            - Alternative routing options\n            - Alliance and codeshare details\n            \n            Airport Information:\n            \n    Airport: NYC\n    \n    Terminal Information:\n    - Layout and facilities\n    - Transfer processes\n    - Security procedures\n    - Lounges and services\n    \n    Ground Transportation:\n    - Public transit options\n    - Taxi and ride-share\n    - Car rental facilities\n    - Parking services\n    \n    Amenities:\n    - Dining options\n    - Shopping facilities\n    - Business services\n    - Medical facilities\n    \n            \n    Airport: ROM\n    \n    Terminal Information:\n    - Layout and facilities\n    - Transfer processes\n    - Security procedures\n    - Lounges and services\n    \n    Ground Transportation:\n    - Public transit options\n    - Taxi and ride-share\n    - Car rental facilities\n    - Parking services\n    \n    Amenities:\n    - Dining options\n    - Shopping facilities\n    - Business services\n    - Medical facilities\n    \n            \n            Travel Planning Guidelines:\n            - Optimal booking windows\n            - Fare class benefits\n            - Baggage policies\n            - Transit visa requirements\n            - Connection considerations\n            \n            Additional Services:\n            - Available ancillary services\n            - Lounge access details\n            - Special assistance services\n            - Meal and seat selection options',
    "thumb|300x300px|The Colosseum\nTh\n            \n            Nearby Attractions:\n            '''Rome''' (Italian and Latin: ''Roma''), the 'Eternal City', is the capital and largest city of Italy and of the Lazio region. It's the famed city of the Roman Empire, the Seven Hills, ''La Dolce Vita'', the Vatican City and ''Three Coins in the Fountain''. Rome, as a millennia-long centre of power, culture and religion, was the centre of one of the greatest civilisations ever, and has exerted a huge influence over the world in its circa 2500 years of existence.\nthumb|300x300px|The Colosseum\nThe historic centre of the city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. With wonderful palaces, thousand-year-old churches and basilicas, grand romantic ruins, opulent monuments, ornate statues and graceful fountains, Rome has an immensely rich historical heritage and cosmopolitan atmosphere, making it one of Europe's and the world's most visited, famous, influential and beautiful capitals. Today, Rome has a growing nightlife scene and is also seen as a shopping heaven, being regarded as one of the fashi\n            \n            Local Dining Scene:\n            '''Rome''' (Italian and Latin: ''Roma''), the 'Eternal City', is the capital and largest city of Italy and of the Lazio region. It's the famed city of the Roman Empire, the Seven Hills, ''La Dolce Vita'', the Vatican City and ''Three Coins in the Fountain''. Rome, as a millennia-long centre of power, culture and religion, was the centre of one of the greatest civilisations ever, and has exerted a huge influence over the world in its circa 2500 years of existence.\nthumb|300x300px|The Colosseum\nTh",
    'Comprehensive Flight Analysis: NYC to ROM\n            \n            Route Overview:\n            \n    Route Characteristics:\n    - Distance and typical duration\n    - Common connection points\n    - Seasonal weather impact\n    - Time zone considerations\n    \n    Market Analysis:\n    - Popular travel periods\n    - Price fluctuation patterns\n    - Competing airlines\n    - Alternative routes\n    \n    Operational Considerations:\n    - Aircraft types commonly used\n    - Typical delays and causes\n    - Seasonal performance metrics\n    - Airport congestion analysis\n    \n            \n            Pricing Information:\n            Base Fare: 184.00\n            Total Price: 333.65 EUR\n            \n            Detailed Flight Information:\n            \n                    Flight Segment Analysis:\n                    Carrier: TP 202\n                    Equipment: 32Q\n                    \n                    Departure Details:\n                    Airport: EWR\n                    Terminal: B\n                    Time: 2025-03-27T18:40:00\n                    \n                    Arrival Details:\n                    Airport: LIS\n                    Terminal: 1\n                    Time: 2025-03-28T05:25:00\n                    \n                    Operational Information:\n                    - Aircraft specifications\n                    - Typical on-time performance\n                    - Seasonal reliability metrics\n                    \n                    Flight Segment Analysis:\n                    Carrier: TP 834\n                    Equipment: 32Q\n                    \n                    Departure Details:\n                    Airport: LIS\n                    Terminal: 1\n                    Time: 2025-03-28T11:45:00\n                    \n                    Arrival Details:\n                    Airport: FCO\n                    Terminal: 1\n                    Time: 2025-03-28T15:50:00\n                    \n                    Operational Information:\n                    - Aircraft specifications\n                    - Typical on-time performance\n                    - Seasonal reliability metrics\n                    \n            \n            Route Market Analysis:\n            - Historical price trends\n            - Peak travel periods\n            - Alternative routing options\n            - Alliance and codeshare details\n            \n            Airport Information:\n            \n    Airport: NYC\n    \n    Terminal Information:\n    - Layout and facilities\n    - Transfer processes\n    - Security procedures\n    - Lounges and services\n    \n    Ground Transportation:\n    - Public transit options\n    - Taxi and ride-share\n    - Car rental facilities\n    - Parking services\n    \n    Amenities:\n    - Dining options\n    - Shopping facilities\n    - Business services\n    - Medical facilities\n    \n            \n    Airport: ROM\n    \n    Terminal Information:\n    - Layout and facilities\n    - Transfer processes\n    - Security procedures\n    - Lounges and services\n    \n    Ground Transportation:\n    - Public transit options\n    - Taxi and ride-share\n    - Car rental facilities\n    - Parking services\n    \n    Amenities:\n    - Dining options\n    - Shopping facilities\n    - Business services\n    - Medical facilities\n    \n            \n            Travel Planning Guidelines:\n            - Optimal booking windows\n            - Fare class benefits\n            - Baggage policies\n            - Transit visa requirements\n            - Connection considerations\n            \n            Additional Services:\n            - Available ancillary services\n            - Lounge access details\n            - Special assistance services\n            - Meal and seat selection options',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Semantic Similarity

Evaluated with EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator

Metric	Value
pearson_cosine	0.0285
spearman_cosine	0.1023

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 1,164 training samples
Columns: sentence_0, sentence_1, and label
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
sentence_0 sentence_1 label
type string string float
details
min: 92 tokens
mean: 254.69 tokens
max: 256 tokens
min: 92 tokens
mean: 255.18 tokens
max: 256 tokens
min: 0.0
mean: 0.15
max: 0.3

Samples:

sentence_0	sentence_1	label
Comprehensive Flight Analysis: NYC to PAR[object Object] [object Object] Route Overview:[object Object] [object Object] Route Characteristics:[object Object] - Distance and typical duration[object Object] - Common connection points[object Object] - Seasonal weather impact[object Object] - Time zone considerations[object Object] [object Object] Market Analysis:[object Object] - Popular travel periods[object Object] - Price fluctuation patterns[object Object] - Competing airlines[object Object] - Alternative routes[object Object] [object Object] Operational Considerations:[object Object] - Aircraft types commonly used[object Object] - Typical delays and causes[object Object] - Seasonal performance metrics[object Object] - Airport congestion analysis[object Object] [object Object] [object Object] Pricing Information:[object Object] Base Fare: 49.00[object Object] Total Price: 234.18 EUR[object Object] [object Object] Detailed Flight Information:[object Object] [object Object] Flight Segment Analysis:[object Object] Carrier: B6 118[object Object] Equipment: E90[object Object] [object Object] Departure Details:[object Object] Airport: JFK[object Object] Terminal: 5[object Object] ...	Hotel Comprehensive Profile: PREMIER INN CROYDON SOUTH[object Object] [object Object] Location Analysis:[object Object] City: LON[object Object] Precise Location: 51.36269, [object Object] -0.07195[object Object] Country: GB[object Object] [object Object] Property Details:[object Object] Chain: PI[object Object] Category: Standard Hotel[object Object] Last Updated: 2023-06-15T10:18:03[object Object] [object Object] Neighborhood Overview:[object Object] [object Object] Neighborhood Characteristics:[object Object] - Local atmosphere and vibe[object Object] - Safety and security assessment[object Object] - Proximity to business districts[object Object] - Entertainment and dining options[object Object] - Cultural attractions nearby[object Object] - Shopping facilities[object Object] - Green spaces and recreation[object Object] [object Object] Transportation Hub Analysis:[object Object] - Major transit stations[object Object] - Bus and tram routes[object Object] - Taxi availability[object Object] - Bike-sharing stations[object Object] [object Object] Local Life:[object Object] - Popular local venues[object Object] - Markets and shopping areas[object Object] - Cultural institutions[object Object] - Sports facilities[object Object] [object Object] ...	`0.09089406418063414`
Comprehensive Flight Analysis: NYC to PAR[object Object] [object Object] Route Overview:[object Object] [object Object] Route Characteristics:[object Object] - Distance and typical duration[object Object] - Common connection points[object Object] - Seasonal weather impact[object Object] - Time zone considerations[object Object] [object Object] Market Analysis:[object Object] - Popular travel periods[object Object] - Price fluctuation patterns[object Object] - Competing airlines[object Object] - Alternative routes[object Object] [object Object] Operational Considerations:[object Object] - Aircraft types commonly used[object Object] - Typical delays and causes[object Object] - Seasonal performance metrics[object Object] - Airport congestion analysis[object Object] [object Object] [object Object] Pricing Information:[object Object] Base Fare: 49.00[object Object] Total Price: 234.18 EUR[object Object] [object Object] Detailed Flight Information:[object Object] [object Object] Flight Segment Analysis:[object Object] Carrier: B6 118[object Object] Equipment: E90[object Object] [object Object] Departure Details:[object Object] Airport: JFK[object Object] Terminal: 5[object Object] ...	Hotel Comprehensive Profile: TUNE HOTEL PADDINGTON[object Object] [object Object] Location Analysis:[object Object] City: LON[object Object] Precise Location: 51.5183, [object Object] -0.17069[object Object] Country: GB[object Object] [object Object] Property Details:[object Object] Chain: XN[object Object] Category: Standard Hotel[object Object] Last Updated: 2023-06-15T10:24:21[object Object] [object Object] Neighborhood Overview:[object Object] [object Object] Neighborhood Characteristics:[object Object] - Local atmosphere and vibe[object Object] - Safety and security assessment[object Object] - Proximity to business districts[object Object] - Entertainment and dining options[object Object] - Cultural attractions nearby[object Object] - Shopping facilities[object Object] - Green spaces and recreation[object Object] [object Object] Transportation Hub Analysis:[object Object] - Major transit stations[object Object] - Bus and tram routes[object Object] - Taxi availability[object Object] - Bike-sharing stations[object Object] [object Object] Local Life:[object Object] - Popular local venues[object Object] - Markets and shopping areas[object Object] - Cultural institutions[object Object] - Sports facilities[object Object] [object Object] [object Object] ...	`0.297061319001456`
Local Transportation:[object Object] '''New York''' (known as "The Big Apple", "NYC," and often called "New York City") is a global center for media, entertainment, art, fashion, research, finance, and trade. The bustling, cosmopolitan heart of the 4th largest metropolis in the world and by far the most populous city in the United States, New York has long been a key entry point and a defining city for the nation.[object Object]From the Statue of Liberty in the harbor to the Empire State Building towering over the Manhattan skyline, from the tun[object Object] [object Object] Nearby Attractions:[object Object] '''New York''' (known as "The Big Apple", "NYC," and often called "New York City") is a global center for media, entertainment, art, fashion, research, finance, and trade. The bustling, cosmopolitan heart of the 4th largest metropolis in the world and by far the most populous city in the United States, New York has long been a key entry point and a defining city for the nation.[object Object]From the Statue of Liberty ...	Comprehensive Flight Analysis: LON to ROM[object Object] [object Object] Route Overview:[object Object] [object Object] Route Characteristics:[object Object] - Distance and typical duration[object Object] - Common connection points[object Object] - Seasonal weather impact[object Object] - Time zone considerations[object Object] [object Object] Market Analysis:[object Object] - Popular travel periods[object Object] - Price fluctuation patterns[object Object] - Competing airlines[object Object] - Alternative routes[object Object] [object Object] Operational Considerations:[object Object] - Aircraft types commonly used[object Object] - Typical delays and causes[object Object] - Seasonal performance metrics[object Object] - Airport congestion analysis[object Object] [object Object] [object Object] Pricing Information:[object Object] Base Fare: 80.00[object Object] Total Price: 119.32 EUR[object Object] [object Object] Detailed Flight Information:[object Object] [object Object] Flight Segment Analysis:[object Object] Carrier: VY 6225[object Object] Equipment: 320[object Object] [object Object] Departure Details:[object Object] Airport: LGW[object Object] Terminal: S[object Object] ...	`0.12655311984152326`

Loss: MatryoshkaLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", 3 "matryoshka_dims": [ 4 384, 5 256, 6 128, 7 64 8 ], 9 "matryoshka_weights": [ 10 1, 11 1, 12 1, 13 1 14 ], 15 "n_dims_per_step": -1 16}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 16
per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
num_train_epochs: 10
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 16
per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 5e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1
num_train_epochs: 10
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.0
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	spearman_cosine
1.0	73	0.0685
2.0	146	0.0768
3.0	219	0.0765
4.0	292	0.0775
5.0	365	0.0867
6.0	438	0.1023

Framework Versions

Python: 3.13.1
Sentence Transformers: 3.4.1
Transformers: 4.49.0
PyTorch: 2.6.0+cpu
Accelerate: 0.26.0
Datasets: 3.3.1
Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

bibtex

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

bibtex

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

	sentence_0	sentence_1	label
type	string	string	float
details	min: 92 tokens mean: 254.69 tokens max: 256 tokens	min: 92 tokens mean: 255.18 tokens max: 256 tokens	min: 0.0 mean: 0.15 max: 0.3