This experimental research draws on Pacific Institute's Water Conflict Chronology, which tracks water-related conflicts spanning over 4,500 years of human history. The work is conducted independently and is not affiliated with Pacific Institute.

This model is designed to assist researchers in classifying water-related conflict events at scale using tiny/small models that can classify 100s of headlines per second.

The Pacific Institute maintains the world's most comprehensive open-source record of water-related conflicts, documenting over 2,700 events across 4,500 years of history. This is not a commercial product and is not intended for commercial use.

📋 Model Description

This SetFit-based model classifies news headlines about water-related conflicts into three categories:

Trigger: Water resource as a conflict trigger
Casualty: Water infrastructure as a casualty/target
Weapon: Water used as a weapon/tool

These categories align with the Pacific Institute's Water Conflict Chronology framework for understanding how water intersects with security and conflict.

🏗️ Model Details

Base Model: BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5
Architecture: SetFit with One-vs-Rest multi-label strategy
Training Approach: Few-shot learning optimized (SetFit reaches peak performance with small samples)
Training samples: 1200 examples
Test samples: 519 (held-out, never seen during training)
Training time: ~2-5 minutes on A10G GPU
Model size: 33M Parameters, ~133MB
Inference speed: ~5-10ms per headline on CPU

💻 Usage

Quick Start

python

from setfit import SetFitModel

# Load the trained model from HF Hub
model = SetFitModel.from_pretrained("baobabtech/water-conflict-classifier")

# Predict on headlines
headlines = [
    "Military attack workers at the Kajaki Dam in Afghanistan",
    "New water treatment plant opens in California"
]

predictions = model.predict(headlines)
print(predictions)
# Output: [[1, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
# Format: [Trigger, Casualty, Weapon]

Interpreting Results

The model returns a list of binary predictions for each label:

python

label_names = ['Trigger', 'Casualty', 'Weapon']

for headline, pred in zip(headlines, predictions):
    labels = [label_names[i] for i, val in enumerate(pred) if val == 1]
    print(f"Headline: {headline}")
    print(f"Labels: {', '.join(labels) if labels else 'None'}")
    print()

Batch Processing

python

import pandas as pd

# Load your data
df = pd.read_csv("your_headlines.csv")

# Predict in batches
predictions = model.predict(df['headline'].tolist())

# Add predictions to dataframe
df['trigger'] = [p[0] for p in predictions]
df['casualty'] = [p[1] for p in predictions]
df['weapon'] = [p[2] for p in predictions]

Example Outputs

Headline	Trigger	Casualty	Weapon
"Armed groups blow up water pipeline in Iraq"	✓	✓	✓
"New water treatment plant opens in California"	✗	✗	✗
"Protests erupt over dam construction in Ethiopia"	✓	✗	✗

📈 Evaluation Results

Evaluated on a held-out test set of 519 samples (30% of total data, stratified by label combinations).

Overall Performance

Metric	Score
Exact Match Accuracy	0.8015
Hamming Loss	0.0906
F1 (micro)	0.8530
F1 (macro)	0.7987
F1 (samples)	0.7028

Per-Label Performance

Label	Precision	Recall	F1	Support
Trigger	0.8844	0.8793	0.8818	174
Casualty	0.8843	0.9185	0.9011	233
Weapon	0.4941	0.8077	0.6131	52

Training Details

Training samples: 1200 examples
Test samples: 519 examples (held-out before sampling)
Base model: BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5 (33M params)
Batch size: 64
Epochs: 1
Iterations: 20 (contrastive pair generation)
Sampling strategy: undersampling (balances positive/negative pairs)
Training Dataset: baobabtech/water-conflict-training-data (version: d2.0)

📈 Experiment Tracking

All training runs are automatically tracked in a public dataset for experiment comparison:

Evals Dataset: baobabtech/water-conflict-classifier-evals
Tracked Metrics: F1 scores, accuracy, per-label performance, and all hyperparameters
Compare Experiments: View how different configurations (sample size, epochs, batch size) affect performance
Reproducibility: Full training configs logged for each version

You can explore past experiments and compare model performance across versions using the evals dataset.

📊 Data Sources

Positive Examples (Water Conflict Headlines)

Pacific Institute (2025). Water Conflict Chronology. Pacific Institute, Oakland, CA.
https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/

Negative Examples (Non-Water Conflict Headlines)

Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED).
https://acleddata.com/

Note: Training negatives include synthetic "hard negatives" - peaceful water-related news (e.g., "New desalination plant opens", "Water conservation conference") to prevent false positives on non-conflict water topics.

🌍 About This Project

This model is part of independent experimental research drawing on the Pacific Institute's Water Conflict Chronology. The Pacific Institute maintains the world's most comprehensive open-source record of water-related conflicts, documenting over 2,700 events across 4,500 years of history.

Project Links:

Pacific Institute Water Conflict Chronology: https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/
Python Package (PyPI): https://pypi.org/project/water-conflict-classifier/
Source Code: https://github.com/baobabtech/waterconflict
Model Hub: https://huggingface.co/{model_repo}

🌱 Frugal AI: Training with Limited Data

This classifier demonstrates an intentional approach to building AI systems with limited data using SetFit - a framework for few-shot learning with sentence transformers. Rather than defaulting to massive language models (GPT, Claude, or 100B+ parameter models) for simple classification tasks, we fine-tune small, efficient models (e.g., BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5 with ~33M parameters) on a focused dataset.

Why this matters: The industry has normalized using trillion-parameter models to classify headlines, answer simple questions, or categorize text - tasks that don't require world knowledge, reasoning, or generative capabilities. This is computationally wasteful and environmentally costly. A properly fine-tuned small model can achieve comparable or better accuracy while using a fraction of the compute resources.

Our approach:

Train on ~600 examples (few-shot learning with SetFit)
Deploy small parameter models (e.g., ~33M params) vs. 100B-1T parameter alternatives
Achieve specialized task performance without the overhead of general-purpose LLMs
Reduce inference costs and latency by orders of magnitude

This is not about avoiding large models altogether - they're invaluable for complex reasoning tasks. But for targeted classification problems with labeled data, fine-tuning remains the professional, responsible choice.

🏋🏽‍♀️ Training Your Own Model

You can train your own version using the published package.

Package includes:

Data preprocessing utilities
Training logic (SetFit multi-label)
Evaluation metrics
Model card generation

Source code: https://github.com/baobabtech/waterconflict/tree/main/classifier
PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/water-conflict-classifier/

bash

# Install package
pip install water-conflict-classifier

# Or install from source for development
git clone https://github.com/baobabtech/waterconflict.git
cd waterconflict/classifier
pip install -e .

# Train locally
python train_setfit_headline_classifier.py

For cloud training on HuggingFace Jobs infrastructure, see the scripts folder in the repository.

📜 License

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

You are free to:

Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material

Under the following terms:

Attribution — You must give appropriate credit to Baobab Tech, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes

📝 Citation

If you use this model in your work, please cite:

bibtex

@misc{{waterconflict2025,
  title={{Water Conflict Multi-Label Classifier}},
  author={{Independent Experimental Research Drawing on Pacific Institute Water Conflict Chronology}},
  year={{2025}},
  howpublished={{\url{{https://huggingface.co/{model_repo}}}}},
  note={{Training data from Pacific Institute Water Conflict Chronology and ACLED}}
}}

Please also cite the Pacific Institute's Water Conflict Chronology:

bibtex

@misc{{pacificinstitute2025,
  title={{Water Conflict Chronology}},
  author={{Pacific Institute}},
  year={{2025}},
  address={{Oakland, CA}},
  url={{https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/}},
  note={{Accessed: [access date]}}
}}