This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-m
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("acpotts/finetuned_arctic")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    "What percentage of racy results did Google cut for searches like 'Latina teenager' in March 2022?",
    "2022. https://www.reuters.com/technology/google-cuts-racy-results-by-30-searches-like-latina\xad\nteenager-2022-03-30/\n40. Safiya Umoja Noble. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. NYU Press.\nFeb. 2018. https://nyupress.org/9781479837243/algorithms-of-oppression/\n41. Paresh Dave. Google cuts racy results by 30% for searches like 'Latina teenager'. Reuters. Mar. 30,\n2022. https://www.reuters.com/technology/google-cuts-racy-results-by-30-searches-like-latina\xad\nteenager-2022-03-30/\n42. Miranda Bogen. All the Ways Hiring Algorithms Can Introduce Bias. Harvard Business Review. May\n6, 2019. https://hbr.org/2019/05/all-the-ways-hiring-algorithms-can-introduce-bias",
    "they've used drugs, or whether they've expressed interest in LGBTQI+ groups, and then use that data to \nforecast student success.76 Parents and education experts have expressed concern about collection of such\nsensitive data without express parental consent, the lack of transparency in how such data is being used, and\nthe potential for resulting discriminatory impacts.\n• Many employers transfer employee data to third party job verification services. This information is then used\nby potential future employers, banks, or landlords. In one case, a former employee alleged that a\ncompany supplied false data about her job title which resulted in a job offer being revoked.77\n37",
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.815
cosine_accuracy@3	0.935
cosine_accuracy@5	0.95
cosine_accuracy@10	0.965
cosine_precision@1	0.815
cosine_precision@3	0.3117
cosine_precision@5	0.19
cosine_precision@10	0.0965
cosine_recall@1	0.815
cosine_recall@3	0.935
cosine_recall@5	0.95
cosine_recall@10	0.965
cosine_ndcg@10	0.8954
cosine_mrr@10	0.8723
cosine_map@100	0.8742
dot_accuracy@1	0.815
dot_accuracy@3	0.935
dot_accuracy@5	0.95
dot_accuracy@10	0.965
dot_precision@1	0.815
dot_precision@3	0.3117
dot_precision@5	0.19
dot_precision@10	0.0965
dot_recall@1	0.815
dot_recall@3	0.935
dot_recall@5	0.95
dot_recall@10	0.965
dot_ndcg@10	0.8954
dot_mrr@10	0.8723
dot_map@100	0.8742

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 800 training samples
Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
Approximate statistics based on the first 800 samples:
sentence_0 sentence_1
type string string
details
min: 11 tokens
mean: 20.11 tokens
max: 36 tokens
min: 3 tokens
mean: 127.42 tokens
max: 512 tokens

Samples:

sentence_0	sentence_1
`What are some of the principles proposed for the ethical use of AI and automated systems?`	lems with legislation, and some courts extending longstanding statutory protections to new and emerging tech[object Object]nologies. There are companies working to incorporate additional protections in their design and use of auto[object Object]mated systems, and researchers developing innovative guardrails. Advocates, researchers, and government [object Object]organizations have proposed principles for the ethical use of AI and other automated systems. These include [object Object]the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD’s) 2019 Recommendation on Artificial [object Object]Intelligence, which includes principles for responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI and which the United
`How are companies and researchers addressing the challenges posed by new and emerging technologies in relation to legislation?`	lems with legislation, and some courts extending longstanding statutory protections to new and emerging tech[object Object]nologies. There are companies working to incorporate additional protections in their design and use of auto[object Object]mated systems, and researchers developing innovative guardrails. Advocates, researchers, and government [object Object]organizations have proposed principles for the ethical use of AI and other automated systems. These include [object Object]the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD’s) 2019 Recommendation on Artificial [object Object]Intelligence, which includes principles for responsible stewardship of trustworthy AI and which the United
`What is the purpose of reporting summary information about automated systems in plain language?`	`any operators or others who need to understand the system, and calibrated to the level of risk based on the [object Object]context. Reporting that includes summary information about these automated systems in plain language and [object Object]assessments of the clarity and quality of the notice and explanations should be made public whenever possible. [object Object]6`

Loss: MatryoshkaLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss", 3 "matryoshka_dims": [ 4 768, 5 512, 6 256, 7 128, 8 64 9 ], 10 "matryoshka_weights": [ 11 1, 12 1, 13 1, 14 1, 15 1 16 ], 17 "n_dims_per_step": -1 18}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 20
per_device_eval_batch_size: 20
num_train_epochs: 5
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 20
per_device_eval_batch_size: 20
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 5e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1
num_train_epochs: 5
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.0
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	cosine_map@100
1.0	40	0.8676
1.25	50	0.8670
2.0	80	0.8731
2.5	100	0.8722
1.0	40	0.8641
1.25	50	0.8654
2.0	80	0.8674
2.5	100	0.8706
3.0	120	0.8659
3.75	150	0.8697
4.0	160	0.8706
5.0	200	0.8742

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.1.1
Transformers: 4.44.2
PyTorch: 2.4.1+cu121
Accelerate: 0.34.2
Datasets: 3.0.0
Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

bibtex

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

bibtex

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

	sentence_0	sentence_1
type	string	string
details	min: 11 tokens mean: 20.11 tokens max: 36 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 127.42 tokens max: 512 tokens