It is possible to apply our method in a reinforcement learning setting, where the candidate summaries are dynamically generated.
Out-of-Scope Use
The model should not be used to intentionally create hostile or alienating environments for people.
Bias, Risks, and Limitations
Significant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., Sheng et al. (2021) and Bender et al. (2021)). Predictions generated by the model may include disturbing and harmful stereotypes across protected classes; identity characteristics; and sensitive, social, and occupational groups.
Recommendations
Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model. More information needed for further recommendations.
CNNDM4: is a large scale news dataset.
Nallapati et al: we treat the news articles as the source documents and the associated highlights as the summaries.
XSum5: is a highly abstractive dataset of articles from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). NYT6: contains articles from the New York Times and the associated summaries
We follow Kedzie et al. (2018) for data preprocessing and splitting, and use the associated archival abstracts as the summaries
Speeds, Sizes, Times
More information needed
Evaluation
Testing Data, Factors & Metrics
Testing Data
More information needed
Factors
More information needed
Metrics
More information needed
Results
CNNDM
ROUGE-1
ROUGE-2
ROUGE-L
BART
44.16
21.28
40.90
Ours
47.78
23.55
44.57
XSum
ROUGE-1
ROUGE-2
ROUGE-L
Pegasus
47.21
24.56
39.25
Ours
49.07
25.59
40.40
NYT
ROUGE-1
ROUGE-2
ROUGE-L
BART
55.78
36.61
52.60
Ours
57.75
38.64
54.54
Model Examination
The model creators note in the associated paper
We attribute BRIO-Ctr’s superior performance to its use of the same model architecture (BART) for both candidate generation and scoring, while SimCLS uses RoBERTa as the evaluation model. As a result, BRIO-Ctr maximizes the parameter sharing between the two stages, and preserves the power of the Seq2Seq model pre-trained on the same dataset.
Formulate summarization as a sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) problem
Compute Infrastructure
More information needed
Hardware
More information needed
Software
More information needed
Citation
BibTeX:
@misc{https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2203.16804,
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2203.16804},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.16804},
author = {Liu, Yixin and Liu, Pengfei and Radev, Dragomir and Neubig, Graham},
keywords = {Computation and Language (cs.CL), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
title = {BRIO: Bringing Order to Abstractive Summarization},
Glossary [optional]
More information needed
More Information [optional]
More information needed
Model Card Authors [optional]
Yale LILY Lab in collaboration with Ezi Ozoani and the Hugging Face team
