This model is an edited version of EleutherAI/gpt-j-6b.
Editing is applied through ProFS, to reduce toxicity.
ProFS (Projection Filter for Subspaces) is a tuning-free alignment method that removes undesired behaviors by identifying and projecting out harmful subspaces in model weights.
The model accompanies the paper Model Editing as a Robust and Denoised Variant of DPO: A Case Study on Toxicity
published at ICLR 2025 (previously released under the preprint title “DeTox: Toxic Subspace Projection for Model Editing”; both refer to the same work).
Key Features:
Training-free & plug-and-play: edits weights directly, no gradient steps or architectural changes needed.
Data-efficient: achieves strong alignment effects using only hundreds (not thousands) of preference pairs.
Label-robust: maintains performance even under substantial label noise, since projection directions remain stable.
Fast & lightweight: produces an edited model that runs at the same inference speed as the base model.
Theoretically grounded: shown to be a denoised, single-step approximation of Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)—bridging editing-based and tuning-based alignment.
Figure. Schematic of ProFS (previously called DeTox). Toxic directions (in red) are projected out of the model’s MLP-value matrices, leaving other representational directions intact.
Studying lightweight alignment via model editing rather than fine-tuning
Interpretability studies of activation subspaces and toxicity directions
Downstream Use
ProFS serves as a reproducible starting point for work on:
Safety alignment without gradient updates
Robustness to label noise and limited data regimes
Educational demonstrations of representation-level interventions
Out-of-Scope Use
Not a fully aligned conversational model.
Not evaluated for fairness or demographic bias beyond toxicity.
How to Get Started with the Model
Use the code below to get started with the model.
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
model_id = "Uppaal/gpt-j-ProFS-toxicity"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id)
prompt = "The internet has changed the way people communicate by"
out = model.generate(**tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt"), max_new_tokens=20)
print(tokenizer.decode(out[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
Training (Editing) Details
Data
We use the pairwise toxicity preference dataset introduced by Lee et al. (2024).
Non-toxic sequences: sampled from WikiText-2.
Toxic counterparts: generated using the Plug-and-Play Language Model (PPLM) method to inject toxic content.
Data format: (toxic, non-toxic) sentence pairs.
Sample size: 500 pairs for ProFS editing (compared to 2,000 pairs used for DPO fine-tuning).
Preprocessing
No preprocessing or filtering was applied beyond tokenization by the base model tokenizer.
Editing Hyperparameters
Top-k singular vectors:
GPT-2: k = 2
Mistral, Mistral-SFT, OPT, GPT-J: k = 10
Selected via ScreeNot and validated with cross-validation.
Edited layers:
GPT-2 / GPT-J: layers 11–24
Mistral, Mistral-SFT, OPT: layers 15–L
Projection step: edit applied once to the MLP-Value matrices only.
Centering: mean vector of non-toxic embeddings removed before SVD to preserve syntactic knowledge.
Evaluation
Metrics and Testing Data
Perplexity (fluency): evaluated on the WikiText-2 dev split.
Toxicity: measured on the Real Toxicity Prompts challenge subset. Scored using Detoxify. Lower Detoxify score = lower toxicity.
Capability (for larger models): zero-shot accuracy across 7 EleutherAI LM Harness tasks: BoolQ, RTE, HellaSwag, WinoGrande, ARC-Easy, ARC-Challenge, and OpenBookQA.
Results
Model
Method
Toxicity ↓
Perplexity ↓
Capability ↑
GPT-2 Medium
Original
48.00 (0.00)
29.70 (0.00)
–
DPO
36.36 (0.58)
29.86 (0.22)
–
ProFS
26.83 (0.89)
32.50 (0.28)
–
Mistral 7B
Original
42.45 (0.00)
7.49 (0.00)
64.23
DPO
36.42 (0.62)
7.52 (0.26)
65.32
ProFS
30.40 (0.71)
7.99 (0.21)
63.59
Mistral-SFT 7B
Original
33.45 (0.00)
8.22 (0.00)
63.59
DPO
23.96 (0.50)
8.38 (0.34)
63.66
ProFS
26.03 (1.25)
8.83 (0.57)
63.23
OPT 6.7B
Original
46.47 (0.00)
14.67 (0.00)
51.57
DPO
45.31 (0.74)
14.37 (0.61)
51.55
ProFS
43.49 (1.38)
13.83 (0.46)
51.80
GPT-J 6B
Original
45.31 (0.00)
13.24 (0.00)
51.92
DPO
43.67 (1.11)
13.96 (0.53)
52.46
ProFS
37.36 (2.28)
14.53 (0.30)
52.48
Citation
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{uppaalmodel,
title={Model Editing as a Robust and Denoised variant of DPO: A Case Study on Toxicity},
author={Uppaal, Rheeya and Dey, Apratim and He, Yiting and Zhong, Yiqiao and Hu, Junjie},
booktitle={The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations}
}
APA:
Uppaal, R., Dey, A., He, Y., Zhong, Y., & Hu, J. Model Editing as a Robust and Denoised variant of DPO: A Case Study on Toxicity. In The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations.
