Tucano is a series of decoder-transformers natively pretrained in Portuguese. All Tucano models were trained on GigaVerbo, a concatenation of deduplicated Portuguese text corpora amounting to 200 billion tokens.

Read our preprint here.

Details

Architecture: a Transformer-based model pre-trained via causal language modeling
Size: 1,100,048,384 parameters
Context length: 2048 tokens
Dataset: TucanoBR/GigaVerbo
Language: Portuguese
Number of steps: 480,000
GPU: 16 NVIDIA A100-SXM4-80GB
Training time: ~ 180 hours
Emissions: 962 KgCO2 (Germany)
Total energy consumption: 2524 kWh

This repository has the source code used to train this model. The main libraries used are:

Intended Uses

The primary intended use of the Tucano models is to serve as foundations for research and development involving native Portuguese language modeling. Checkpoints saved during training are designed to provide a controlled setting for performing comparative experiments, specifically regarding the effects of active pretraining on the performance of currently available benchmarks. You may also fine-tune and adapt Tucano models for deployment if your use follows the Apache 2.0 license. If you decide to use the Tucano models as a basis for your fine-tuned model, please conduct your own risk and bias assessment.

Out-of-scope Use

Tucano models are not intended for deployment. They are not an out-of-the-box product and should not be used for human-facing interactions.
Tucano models are for the Portuguese language only and are unsuitable for text generation tasks in other languages.
Tucano models have not been fine-tuned for downstream tasks.

Basic usage

Using the pipeline:

python

from transformers import pipeline

generator = pipeline("text-generation", model="TucanoBR/Tucano-1b1")

completions  = generator("A floresta da Amazônia é conhecida por sua", num_return_sequences=2, max_new_tokens=100)

for comp in completions:
  print(f"🤖 {comp['generated_text']}")

Using the AutoTokenizer and AutoModelForCausalLM:

python

from transformers import GenerationConfig, TextGenerationPipeline, AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import torch

# Specify the model and tokenizer
model_id = "TucanoBR/Tucano-1b1"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id)

# Specify the generation parameters as you like
generation_config = GenerationConfig(
    **{
    "do_sample": True,
    "max_new_tokens": 2048,
    "renormalize_logits": True,
    "repetition_penalty": 1.2,
    "temperature": 0.1,
    "top_k": 50,
    "top_p": 1.0,
    "use_cache": True, 
  }
)

device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
generator = TextGenerationPipeline(model=model, task="text-generation", tokenizer=tokenizer, device=device)

# Generate text
prompt = "A floresta da Amazônia é conhecida por sua"
completion = generator(prompt, generation_config=generation_config)
print(completion[0]['generated_text'])

Limitations

Like almost all other language models trained on large text datasets scraped from the web, the Tucano models show behavior that does not make them an out-of-the-box solution to many real-world applications, especially those requiring factual, reliable, and nontoxic text generation. Tucano models are all subject to the following:

Hallucinations: Tucano models can produce content that can be mistaken as true facts, but are misleading or entirely false, i.e., hallucination.
Biases and Toxicity: Tucano models inherit the social and historical stereotypes from the data used to train them. Given these biases, the model can produce toxic content, i.e., harmful, offensive, or detrimental to individuals, groups, or communities.
Unreliable Code: Tucano models may produce incorrect code snippets and statements. These code generations should not be treated as suggestions or accurate solutions.
Language Limitations: Tucano models are primarily designed to interact with Portuguese. Other languages might challenge its comprehension, leading to potential misinterpretations or errors in response.
Repetition and Verbosity: Tucano models may get stuck on repetition loops (especially if the repetition penalty during generations is set to a meager value) or produce verbose responses unrelated to the prompt it was given.

Hence, even though our models are released with a permissive license, we urge users to perform their risk analysis on them if they intend to use them for real-world applications.

Evaluations

The table below compares our models against several Portuguese and multilingual language models on the evaluation harness used in our study. More information on it can be found here. To learn more about our evaluation harness selection, read our preprint.

	Average	Calame-PT	Lambada-PT	ARC-PT	HellaSwag-PT
Llama-3.2-3B	52	58.43	49.1	43.25	57.2
Granite-3.0-2b	51.63	56.36	47.55	42.56	60.05
Tucano-2b4	43.58	59.06	37.67	30.43	47.17
Llama-3.2-1B	42.95	51.83	41.02	33.5	45.44
Tucano-1b1	41.55	58.24	34.7	30.43	42.84
Gemma-2b	40.38	51.16	39.88	37.95	32.53
Bloom-1b7	40.37	55.64	31.98	30.34	43.52
Tucano-630m	39.5	56.55	33.13	28.89	39.41
Gemma-2-2b	39.21	56.7	47.1	24.19	28.85
Bloom-1b1	38.18	52.94	30.22	29.83	39.74
GlórIA-1b3	36.05	52.79	27.71	26.67	37.04
Tucano-160m	35.14	52.31	28.16	27.01	33.07
Xglm-564m	34.55	50.58	27.42	25.56	34.64
Bloom-560m	34.32	49.95	25.44	24.74	37.15
TTL-460m	33.78	49.42	23.29	29.4	33
mGPT-1b3	31.81	47.14	29.92	23.81	26.37
TTL-160m	30.78	46.72	20.98	26.15	29.29
Lola-v1	30.19	26.4	18.32	30.42	45.61
GPorTuguese	28.92	40.61	22.98	22.48	29.62

Cite as 🤗

latex

@misc{correa2024tucanoadvancingneuraltext,
      title={{Tucano: Advancing Neural Text Generation for Portuguese}}, 
      author={Corr{\^e}a, Nicholas Kluge and Sen, Aniket and Falk, Sophia and Fatimah, Shiza},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2411.07854},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.07854}, 
}

@article{correa2025tucanoadvancingneuraltext,
    title={{Tucano: Advancing Neural Text Generation for Portuguese}},
    author={Corr{\^e}a, Nicholas Kluge and Sen, Aniket and Falk, Sophia and Fatimah, Shiza},
    journal={Patterns},
    publisher={Elsevier},
    year={2025},
    doi={10.1016/j.patter.2025.101325},
    url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2025.101325},
    issn={2666-3899}
}

Aknowlegments

We gratefully acknowledge the granted access to the Marvin cluster hosted by University of Bonn along with the support provided by its High Performance Computing & Analytics Lab.

License

Tucano is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. For more details, see the LICENSE file.