Multiple GPTQ parameter permutations are provided; see Provided Files below for details of the options provided, their parameters, and the software used to create them.
These files were quantised using hardware kindly provided by Massed Compute.
<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{prompt}<end_message><start_assistant>
Known compatible clients / servers
These GPTQ models are known to work in the following inference servers/webuis.
This may not be a complete list; if you know of others, please let me know!
Provided files, and GPTQ parameters
Multiple quantisation parameters are provided, to allow you to choose the best one for your hardware and requirements.
Each separate quant is in a different branch. See below for instructions on fetching from different branches.
Most GPTQ files are made with AutoGPTQ. Mistral models are currently made with Transformers.
Explanation of GPTQ parameters
Bits: The bit size of the quantised model.
GS: GPTQ group size. Higher numbers use less VRAM, but have lower quantisation accuracy. "None" is the lowest possible value.
Act Order: True or False. Also known as desc_act. True results in better quantisation accuracy. Some GPTQ clients have had issues with models that use Act Order plus Group Size, but this is generally resolved now.
Damp %: A GPTQ parameter that affects how samples are processed for quantisation. 0.01 is default, but 0.1 results in slightly better accuracy.
GPTQ dataset: The calibration dataset used during quantisation. Using a dataset more appropriate to the model's training can improve quantisation accuracy. Note that the GPTQ calibration dataset is not the same as the dataset used to train the model - please refer to the original model repo for details of the training dataset(s).
Sequence Length: The length of the dataset sequences used for quantisation. Ideally this is the same as the model sequence length. For some very long sequence models (16+K), a lower sequence length may have to be used. Note that a lower sequence length does not limit the sequence length of the quantised model. It only impacts the quantisation accuracy on longer inference sequences.
ExLlama Compatibility: Whether this file can be loaded with ExLlama, which currently only supports Llama and Mistral models in 4-bit.
If you remove the --local-dir-use-symlinks False parameter, the files will instead be stored in the central Hugging Face cache directory (default location on Linux is: ~/.cache/huggingface), and symlinks will be added to the specified --local-dir, pointing to their real location in the cache. This allows for interrupted downloads to be resumed, and allows you to quickly clone the repo to multiple places on disk without triggering a download again. The downside, and the reason why I don't list that as the default option, is that the files are then hidden away in a cache folder and it's harder to know where your disk space is being used, and to clear it up if/when you want to remove a download model.
The cache location can be changed with the HF_HOME environment variable, and/or the --cache-dir parameter to huggingface-cli.
Note that using Git with HF repos is strongly discouraged. It will be much slower than using huggingface-hub, and will use twice as much disk space as it has to store the model files twice (it stores every byte both in the intended target folder, and again in the .git folder as a blob.)
Example Python code for interfacing with TGI (requires huggingface-hub 0.17.0 or later):
pip3 install huggingface-hub
python
1from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
23endpoint_url ="https://your-endpoint-url-here"45prompt ="Tell me about AI"6prompt_template=f'''<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{prompt}<end_message><start_assistant>
7'''89client = InferenceClient(endpoint_url)10response = client.text_generation(prompt,11 max_new_tokens=128,12 do_sample=True,13 temperature=0.7,14 top_p=0.95,15 top_k=40,16 repetition_penalty=1.1)1718print(f"Model output: {response}")
Python code example: inference from this GPTQ model
Install the necessary packages
Requires: Transformers 4.33.0 or later, Optimum 1.12.0 or later, and AutoGPTQ 0.4.2 or later.
shell
1pip3 install --upgrade transformers optimum
2# If using PyTorch 2.1 + CUDA 12.x:3pip3 install --upgrade auto-gptq
4# or, if using PyTorch 2.1 + CUDA 11.x:5pip3 install --upgrade auto-gptq --extra-index-url https://huggingface.github.io/autogptq-index/whl/cu118/
If you are using PyTorch 2.0, you will need to install AutoGPTQ from source. Likewise if you have problems with the pre-built wheels, you should try building from source:
1from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, pipeline
23model_name_or_path ="TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GPTQ"4# To use a different branch, change revision5# For example: revision="gptq-4bit-128g-actorder_True"6model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name_or_path,7 device_map="auto",8 trust_remote_code=True,9 revision="main")1011tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name_or_path, use_fast=True)1213prompt ="Tell me about AI"14prompt_template=f'''<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{prompt}<end_message><start_assistant>
15'''1617print("\n\n*** Generate:")1819input_ids = tokenizer(prompt_template, return_tensors='pt').input_ids.cuda()20output = model.generate(inputs=input_ids, temperature=0.7, do_sample=True, top_p=0.95, top_k=40, max_new_tokens=512)21print(tokenizer.decode(output[0]))2223# Inference can also be done using transformers' pipeline2425print("*** Pipeline:")26pipe = pipeline(27"text-generation",28 model=model,29 tokenizer=tokenizer,30 max_new_tokens=512,31 do_sample=True,32 temperature=0.7,33 top_p=0.95,34 top_k=40,35 repetition_penalty=1.136)3738print(pipe(prompt_template)[0]['generated_text'])
Compatibility
The files provided are tested to work with Transformers. For non-Mistral models, AutoGPTQ can also be used directly.
ExLlama is compatible with Llama and Mistral models in 4-bit. Please see the Provided Files table above for per-file compatibility.
For a list of clients/servers, please see "Known compatible clients / servers", above.
Discord
For further support, and discussions on these models and AI in general, join us at:
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Original model card: LightOn AI's Alfred 40B 1023
Model Card for Alfred-40B-1023
a witty and elegant butler with a falcon on his shoulder, smile, flat illustration, simple shapes, colorful, lo-fi aesthetics
Alfred-40B-1023 is a finetuned version of Falcon-40B, with an extended context length of 8192 tokens.
Finetuning was performed in October 2023. Alfred-40B-1023 is made available under the Apache 2.0 License.
Alfred-40B-1023 can be used as a chat model or as an instruct model.
For both instruct and chat mode, the model has been trained with chat tokens <start_system>, <start_user>, <start_assistant>, and <end_message>. These can be integrated into the prompt in the follwoing way:
<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{user query}<end_message><start_assistant>
The stop word <end_message> should be used.
Out-of-Scope Use
Production use without adequate assessment of risks and mitigation; any use cases which may be considered irresponsible or harmful.
Bias, Risks, and Limitations
Alfred-40B-1023 is a finetune of Falcon-40B. As such, it is trained mostly on English, German, Spanish, French, with limited capabilities also in Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Romanian, Czech, Swedish. It will not generalize appropriately to other languages. Furthermore, as it is trained on a large-scale corpora representative of the web, it will carry the stereotypes and biases commonly encountered online.
Recommendations
We recommend users of Alfred-40B-1023 to implement appropriate guardrails and precautions in any production use.
How to Get Started with the Model
Use the code below to get started with the model.
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import transformers
import torch
model = "lightonai/alfred-40b-1023"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("lightonai/alfred-0923-tokenizer")
pipeline = transformers.pipeline(
"text-generation",
model=model,
tokenizer=tokenizer,
torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
trust_remote_code=True,
device_map="auto",
)
sequences = pipeline(
"<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>Write me an email to my boss, explaining how the company could benefit by using LightOns platform for Large Language Models, Paradigm.<end_message><start_assistant>",
max_length=1000,
do_sample=True,
top_k=3,
num_return_sequences=1,
eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
)
for seq in sequences:
print(f"Result: {seq['generated_text']}")
Training Details
Training Data
Alfred-40B-1023 was trained on a mixture of publicly available and in-house curated datasets. The training data is composed of 50 % short context tasks, 45 % long context tasks and 5 % RefinedWeb.
Alfred-40B-1023 was trained on 128 A100 40GB GPUs, using a 3D parallelism strategy (TP=8, PP=2, DP=8) combined with ZeRO. Alfred has been trained through supervised finetuning on 100 megatokens, with a learning rate decayed with a cosine schedule.
Preprocessing
All datasets have been filtered, up or downsampled, and adapted to our chat token format.
Context length extension
We extend the context length to 8K with a custom method that we name NTK-YaRN. As guessable from its name, our extension method draws inspiration from NTK-aware interpolation and YaRN.
YaRN looked very promising when applied at test-time, however finetuning with YaRN was not successful in our experiments. When extending the context length at training-time, NTK-aware interpolation was the most successful out of the already existing methods. Some of our results from trying different long context extension methods are shared in the Evaluation section below. We acknowledge that the same parameter values as proposed in the YaRN-paper have been used in our YaRN experiments, and that these potentially could have other optimal values for our particular setup.
NTK-YaRN
Similarly to NTK-aware interpolation (NTK), NTK-YaRN involves increasing the base of the RoPE embeddings. In the original implementation of NTK-aware interpolation the new base b' is adapted according to the following formula:
$$ b' = b \times s^{\frac{|D|}{|D|-2}} $$
where b is the original base, s the scaling factor of the context length, and |D| the model's head dimension.
However, we find (similar to other actors) that increasing the base slightly more is even better. The value of b' could probably be optimized even further, but for these experiments we have settled with the following value:
$$ b' = b \times (s+1)^{\frac{|D|}{|D|-2}} $$
In the following parts of this model card, context length extension with this extended scaling of the base is referred to as NTK-Margin. For NTK-YaRN, the extended scaling of the base is combined with the modification of the computation of the attention weights made in YaRN, where the query and key matrices are scaled by the factor m.
$$ m = 1 + 0.1 \times \log(s) $$
Scaling the query and key matrices this way substantially reduces the initial grad norm when applying a context length extension method in our training runs.
To cite NTK-YaRN, please refer to the model bibtex in the bottom of this model card.
Evaluation
Context length extension strategies
Training losses
After experimenting on a 7B scale, we finally run a selected partition of the extension methods on a 40B scale. In the figure below, we display the resulting training losses when training a 40B model with the different extension methods, ceteris paribus.
Training loss curves for extension methods
Initially, YaRN has the lowest training loss, which can be seen as a reflection of the fact that YaRN was the most successful extension method at test time. However all the other methods surpasse YaRN in terms of training loss already after a handful of megatokens. Comparing NTK-Margin vs NTK-YaRN, we can note that the scaling of Q and K matrices makes the training loss lower in the beginning, however NTK-YaRN's advantage over NTK-Margin decreases as the training goes on. Comparing NTK-Margin with NTK in turn, it seems like the larger value of the base in NTK-Margin gives an initial boost in training loss, however this advantage decreases as training goes on.
Performance on Long Context Benchmarks
We evaluate the context length extension methods on an own benchmark, consisting of four tasks.
For each task, we have created 3 subtasks - one for each of the three context lengths 2K, 4K and 8K. In total, we thus have 12 subtasks.
In order to get an aggregated score that values each subtask equally, we normalize the scores for each subtask and then calculate the mean of the normalized scores for each extension method.
Aggregated scores on long context benchmarks
On these benchmarks, YaRN clearly lags behind. NTK-YaRN is the winning method, however NTK-Margin is so close that more extensive research is needed to verify that NTK-YaRN really is superior to NTK-Margin, especially when trained for longer.
Comparison to 2K baseline
In order to track any potential degradation on 2K context tasks due to the context length extension, we compare our 8K model against a 2K model trained in a similar setup for 100 megatokens. When training the 2K baseline, we don't include any long context data.
We conduct the comparison by evaluating the models on a selection of tasks from EleutherAI harness, as well as ranking model outputs internally.
Evaluation of 2K vs 8K version of alfred-40b-2023
Notably, our 8K model not only performs on par with our 2K model on most of our EleutherAI harness tasks, in fact it outperforms the 2K model on a majority of the tasks. Reading comprehension is the only subcategory for which our 8K model is outperformed by the 2K model.
We recognize that there is a discrepancy between performance on classical NLP benchmarks and how humans perceive the model quality. When model outputs (limited to 2K context lengths) are ranked by LightOn employees internally, the 2K and 8K have strikingly similar performance. However, a few rare failure modes have been noted for the 8K version, which are not seen when using the 2K model. These failure modes are likely to be fixable with better composition of the long context data.
Compute Infrastructure
Hardware
Alfred-40B-1023 was trained on AWS SageMaker, on 128 A100 40GB GPUs in P4d instances.
Software
Alfred-40B-1023 was trained with a custom codebase. Training leverages a 3D parallelism approach combined with ZeRO, as well as high-performance kernels such as FlashAttention.
Model Card Contact
Please open a Community Discussion for any support request related to using Alfred with HuggingFace transformers.
If you find the model useful in your work, please use the following bibtex when citing.
@article{alfred-40b-1023,
title={Alfred-40B-1023},
author={Hallström, Oskar and Chatelain, Amélie and Thiriet, Clément and Séailles, Julien and Cavaillès, Adrien and Marmet, Axel},
year={2023}
}
