<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{prompt}<end_message><start_assistant>
Compatibility
These quantised GGUFv2 files are compatible with llama.cpp from August 27th onwards, as of commit d0cee0d
They are also compatible with many third party UIs and libraries - please see the list at the top of this README.
Explanation of quantisation methods
Click to see details
The new methods available are:
GGML_TYPE_Q2_K - "type-1" 2-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 16 blocks, each block having 16 weight. Block scales and mins are quantized with 4 bits. This ends up effectively using 2.5625 bits per weight (bpw)
GGML_TYPE_Q3_K - "type-0" 3-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 16 blocks, each block having 16 weights. Scales are quantized with 6 bits. This end up using 3.4375 bpw.
GGML_TYPE_Q4_K - "type-1" 4-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 8 blocks, each block having 32 weights. Scales and mins are quantized with 6 bits. This ends up using 4.5 bpw.
GGML_TYPE_Q5_K - "type-1" 5-bit quantization. Same super-block structure as GGML_TYPE_Q4_K resulting in 5.5 bpw
GGML_TYPE_Q6_K - "type-0" 6-bit quantization. Super-blocks with 16 blocks, each block having 16 weights. Scales are quantized with 8 bits. This ends up using 6.5625 bpw
Refer to the Provided Files table below to see what files use which methods, and how.
very large, extremely low quality loss - not recommended
Note: the above RAM figures assume no GPU offloading. If layers are offloaded to the GPU, this will reduce RAM usage and use VRAM instead.
How to download GGUF files
Note for manual downloaders: You almost never want to clone the entire repo! Multiple different quantisation formats are provided, and most users only want to pick and download a single file.
The following clients/libraries will automatically download models for you, providing a list of available models to choose from:
LM Studio
LoLLMS Web UI
Faraday.dev
In text-generation-webui
Under Download Model, you can enter the model repo: TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF and below it, a specific filename to download, such as: alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_M.gguf.
Then click Download.
On the command line, including multiple files at once
I recommend using the huggingface-hub Python library:
pip3 install huggingface-hub
Then you can download any individual model file to the current directory, at high speed, with a command like this:
Windows Command Line users: You can set the environment variable by running set HF_HUB_ENABLE_HF_TRANSFER=1 before the download command.
Example llama.cpp command
Make sure you are using llama.cpp from commit d0cee0d or later.
./main -ngl 32 -m alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_M.gguf --color -c 2048 --temp 0.7 --repeat_penalty 1.1 -n -1 -p "<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{prompt}<end_message><start_assistant>"
Change -ngl 32 to the number of layers to offload to GPU. Remove it if you don't have GPU acceleration.
Change -c 2048 to the desired sequence length. For extended sequence models - eg 8K, 16K, 32K - the necessary RoPE scaling parameters are read from the GGUF file and set by llama.cpp automatically.
If you want to have a chat-style conversation, replace the -p <PROMPT> argument with -i -ins
How to load this model in Python code, using ctransformers
First install the package
Run one of the following commands, according to your system:
shell
1# Base ctransformers with no GPU acceleration2pip install ctransformers
3# Or with CUDA GPU acceleration4pip install ctransformers[cuda]5# Or with AMD ROCm GPU acceleration (Linux only)6CT_HIPBLAS=1 pip install ctransformers --no-binary ctransformers
7# Or with Metal GPU acceleration for macOS systems only8CT_METAL=1 pip install ctransformers --no-binary ctransformers
Simple ctransformers example code
python
1from ctransformers import AutoModelForCausalLM
23# Set gpu_layers to the number of layers to offload to GPU. Set to 0 if no GPU acceleration is available on your system.4llm = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("TheBloke/alfred-40B-1023-GGUF", model_file="alfred-40b-1023.Q4_K_M.gguf", model_type="falcon", gpu_layers=50)56print(llm("AI is going to"))
How to use with LangChain
Here are guides on using llama-cpp-python and ctransformers with LangChain:
I've had a lot of people ask if they can contribute. I enjoy providing models and helping people, and would love to be able to spend even more time doing it, as well as expanding into new projects like fine tuning/training.
If you're able and willing to contribute it will be most gratefully received and will help me to keep providing more models, and to start work on new AI projects.
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Patreon special mentions: Brandon Frisco, LangChain4j, Spiking Neurons AB, transmissions 11, Joseph William Delisle, Nitin Borwankar, Willem Michiel, Michael Dempsey, vamX, Jeffrey Morgan, zynix, jjj, Omer Bin Jawed, Sean Connelly, jinyuan sun, Jeromy Smith, Shadi, Pawan Osman, Chadd, Elijah Stavena, Illia Dulskyi, Sebastain Graf, Stephen Murray, terasurfer, Edmond Seymore, Celu Ramasamy, Mandus, Alex, biorpg, Ajan Kanaga, Clay Pascal, Raven Klaugh, 阿明, K, ya boyyy, usrbinkat, Alicia Loh, John Villwock, ReadyPlayerEmma, Chris Smitley, Cap'n Zoog, fincy, GodLy, S_X, sidney chen, Cory Kujawski, OG, Mano Prime, AzureBlack, Pieter, Kalila, Spencer Kim, Tom X Nguyen, Stanislav Ovsiannikov, Michael Levine, Andrey, Trailburnt, Vadim, Enrico Ros, Talal Aujan, Brandon Phillips, Jack West, Eugene Pentland, Michael Davis, Will Dee, webtim, Jonathan Leane, Alps Aficionado, Rooh Singh, Tiffany J. Kim, theTransient, Luke @flexchar, Elle, Caitlyn Gatomon, Ari Malik, subjectnull, Johann-Peter Hartmann, Trenton Dambrowitz, Imad Khwaja, Asp the Wyvern, Emad Mostaque, Rainer Wilmers, Alexandros Triantafyllidis, Nicholas, Pedro Madruga, SuperWojo, Harry Royden McLaughlin, James Bentley, Olakabola, David Ziegler, Ai Maven, Jeff Scroggin, Nikolai Manek, Deo Leter, Matthew Berman, Fen Risland, Ken Nordquist, Manuel Alberto Morcote, Luke Pendergrass, TL, Fred von Graf, Randy H, Dan Guido, NimbleBox.ai, Vitor Caleffi, Gabriel Tamborski, knownsqashed, Lone Striker, Erik Bjäreholt, John Detwiler, Leonard Tan, Iucharbius
Thank you to all my generous patrons and donaters!
And thank you again to a16z for their generous grant.
Original model card: LightOn AI's Alfred 40B 1023
Model Card for Alfred-40B-1023
a witty and elegant butler with a falcon on his shoulder, smile, flat illustration, simple shapes, colorful, lo-fi aesthetics
Alfred-40B-1023 is a finetuned version of Falcon-40B, with an extended context length of 8192 tokens.
Finetuning was performed in October 2023. Alfred-40B-1023 is made available under the Apache 2.0 License.
Alfred-40B-1023 can be used as a chat model or as an instruct model.
For both instruct and chat mode, the model has been trained with chat tokens <start_system>, <start_user>, <start_assistant>, and <end_message>. These can be integrated into the prompt in the follwoing way:
<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>{user query}<end_message><start_assistant>
The stop word <end_message> should be used.
Out-of-Scope Use
Production use without adequate assessment of risks and mitigation; any use cases which may be considered irresponsible or harmful.
Bias, Risks, and Limitations
Alfred-40B-1023 is a finetune of Falcon-40B. As such, it is trained mostly on English, German, Spanish, French, with limited capabilities also in Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Romanian, Czech, Swedish. It will not generalize appropriately to other languages. Furthermore, as it is trained on a large-scale corpora representative of the web, it will carry the stereotypes and biases commonly encountered online.
Recommendations
We recommend users of Alfred-40B-1023 to implement appropriate guardrails and precautions in any production use.
How to Get Started with the Model
Use the code below to get started with the model.
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import transformers
import torch
model = "lightonai/alfred-40b-1023"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("lightonai/alfred-0923-tokenizer")
pipeline = transformers.pipeline(
"text-generation",
model=model,
tokenizer=tokenizer,
torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
trust_remote_code=True,
device_map="auto",
)
sequences = pipeline(
"<start_system>You are Alfred, a helpful assistant trained by LightOn. Knowledge cutoff: November 2022. Current date: 16 November, 2023<end_message><start_user>Write me an email to my boss, explaining how the company could benefit by using LightOns platform for Large Language Models, Paradigm.<end_message><start_assistant>",
max_length=1000,
do_sample=True,
top_k=3,
num_return_sequences=1,
eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id,
)
for seq in sequences:
print(f"Result: {seq['generated_text']}")
Training Details
Training Data
Alfred-40B-1023 was trained on a mixture of publicly available and in-house curated datasets. The training data is composed of 50 % short context tasks, 45 % long context tasks and 5 % RefinedWeb.
Alfred-40B-1023 was trained on 128 A100 40GB GPUs, using a 3D parallelism strategy (TP=8, PP=2, DP=8) combined with ZeRO. Alfred has been trained through supervised finetuning on 100 megatokens, with a learning rate decayed with a cosine schedule.
Preprocessing
All datasets have been filtered, up or downsampled, and adapted to our chat token format.
Context length extension
We extend the context length to 8K with a custom method that we name NTK-YaRN. As guessable from its name, our extension method draws inspiration from NTK-aware interpolation and YaRN.
YaRN looked very promising when applied at test-time, however finetuning with YaRN was not successful in our experiments. When extending the context length at training-time, NTK-aware interpolation was the most successful out of the already existing methods. Some of our results from trying different long context extension methods are shared in the Evaluation section below. We acknowledge that the same parameter values as proposed in the YaRN-paper have been used in our YaRN experiments, and that these potentially could have other optimal values for our particular setup.
NTK-YaRN
Similarly to NTK-aware interpolation (NTK), NTK-YaRN involves increasing the base of the RoPE embeddings. In the original implementation of NTK-aware interpolation the new base b' is adapted according to the following formula:
$$ b' = b \times s^{\frac{|D|}{|D|-2}} $$
where b is the original base, s the scaling factor of the context length, and |D| the model's head dimension.
However, we find (similar to other actors) that increasing the base slightly more is even better. The value of b' could probably be optimized even further, but for these experiments we have settled with the following value:
$$ b' = b \times (s+1)^{\frac{|D|}{|D|-2}} $$
In the following parts of this model card, context length extension with this extended scaling of the base is referred to as NTK-Margin. For NTK-YaRN, the extended scaling of the base is combined with the modification of the computation of the attention weights made in YaRN, where the query and key matrices are scaled by the factor m.
$$ m = 1 + 0.1 \times \log(s) $$
Scaling the query and key matrices this way substantially reduces the initial grad norm when applying a context length extension method in our training runs.
To cite NTK-YaRN, please refer to the model bibtex in the bottom of this model card.
Evaluation
Context length extension strategies
Training losses
After experimenting on a 7B scale, we finally run a selected partition of the extension methods on a 40B scale. In the figure below, we display the resulting training losses when training a 40B model with the different extension methods, ceteris paribus.
Training loss curves for extension methods
Initially, YaRN has the lowest training loss, which can be seen as a reflection of the fact that YaRN was the most successful extension method at test time. However all the other methods surpasse YaRN in terms of training loss already after a handful of megatokens. Comparing NTK-Margin vs NTK-YaRN, we can note that the scaling of Q and K matrices makes the training loss lower in the beginning, however NTK-YaRN's advantage over NTK-Margin decreases as the training goes on. Comparing NTK-Margin with NTK in turn, it seems like the larger value of the base in NTK-Margin gives an initial boost in training loss, however this advantage decreases as training goes on.
Performance on Long Context Benchmarks
We evaluate the context length extension methods on an own benchmark, consisting of four tasks.
For each task, we have created 3 subtasks - one for each of the three context lengths 2K, 4K and 8K. In total, we thus have 12 subtasks.
In order to get an aggregated score that values each subtask equally, we normalize the scores for each subtask and then calculate the mean of the normalized scores for each extension method.
Aggregated scores on long context benchmarks
On these benchmarks, YaRN clearly lags behind. NTK-YaRN is the winning method, however NTK-Margin is so close that more extensive research is needed to verify that NTK-YaRN really is superior to NTK-Margin, especially when trained for longer.
Comparison to 2K baseline
In order to track any potential degradation on 2K context tasks due to the context length extension, we compare our 8K model against a 2K model trained in a similar setup for 100 megatokens. When training the 2K baseline, we don't include any long context data.
We conduct the comparison by evaluating the models on a selection of tasks from EleutherAI harness, as well as ranking model outputs internally.
Evaluation of 2K vs 8K version of alfred-40b-2023
Notably, our 8K model not only performs on par with our 2K model on most of our EleutherAI harness tasks, in fact it outperforms the 2K model on a majority of the tasks. Reading comprehension is the only subcategory for which our 8K model is outperformed by the 2K model.
We recognize that there is a discrepancy between performance on classical NLP benchmarks and how humans perceive the model quality. When model outputs (limited to 2K context lengths) are ranked by LightOn employees internally, the 2K and 8K have strikingly similar performance. However, a few rare failure modes have been noted for the 8K version, which are not seen when using the 2K model. These failure modes are likely to be fixable with better composition of the long context data.
Compute Infrastructure
Hardware
Alfred-40B-1023 was trained on AWS SageMaker, on 128 A100 40GB GPUs in P4d instances.
Software
Alfred-40B-1023 was trained with a custom codebase. Training leverages a 3D parallelism approach combined with ZeRO, as well as high-performance kernels such as FlashAttention.
Model Card Contact
Please open a Community Discussion for any support request related to using Alfred with HuggingFace transformers.
If you find the model useful in your work, please use the following bibtex when citing.
@article{alfred-40b-1023,
title={Alfred-40B-1023},
author={Hallström, Oskar and Chatelain, Amélie and Thiriet, Clément and Séailles, Julien and Cavaillès, Adrien and Marmet, Axel},
year={2023}
}
