Our Swallow model has undergone continual pre-training from the Llama 3 family, primarily with the addition of Japanese language data. The Instruct versions use supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and Chat Vector. Links to other models can be found in the index.

Model Release Updates

We are excited to share the release schedule for our latest models:

July 1, 2024: Released the Llama-3-Swallow-8B-v0.1, Llama-3-Swallow-8B-Instruct-v0.1, Llama-3-Swallow-70B-v0.1, and Llama-3-Swallow-70B-Instruct-v0.1.

Swallow Model Index

Model	Llama-3-Swallow	Llama3 Swallow Instruct
8B	Link	Link
70B	Link	Link

logo

This repository provides large language models developed by Swallow-LLM. Read our blog post.

Model Details

Model type: Please refer to Llama 3 MODEL_CARD for details on the model architecture.
Language(s): Japanese English
Library: Megatron-LM
Tokenizer: Please refer to Llama 3 blog for details on the tokenizer.
Contact: swallow[at]nlp.c.titech.ac.jp

Model Performance

Japanese tasks

Model	Size	JCom.	JEMHopQA	NIILC	JSQuAD	XL-Sum	MGSM	WMT20-en-ja	WMT20-ja-en	JMMLU	JHumanEval	Ja Avg
		4-shot	4-shot	4-shot	4-shot	1-shot	4-shot	4-shot	4-shot	5-shot	0-shot
		EM acc	Char-F1	Char-F1	Char-F1	ROUGE-2	EM acc	BLEU	BLEU	EM acc	pass@1
Llama-2-7b	7B	0.2618	0.4914	0.3301	0.8001	0.1742	0.0560	0.1764	0.1742	0.2824	0.1250	0.2872
Swallow-7b-hf	7B	0.4888	0.5044	0.5925	0.8424	0.1823	0.1240	0.2505	0.1482	0.3219	0.0183	0.3473
Mistral-7B-v0.1	7B	0.7471	0.4482	0.2691	0.8588	0.2026	0.1880	0.1430	0.1738	0.4213	0.2598	0.3712
Swallow-MS-7b-v0.1	7B	0.8758	0.5153	0.5647	0.8762	0.1993	0.2400	0.2507	0.1667	0.4527	0.2335	0.4375
Qwen2-7B	7B	0.8776	0.4627	0.3766	0.8984	0.1716	0.5480	0.2080	0.1949	0.5871	0.4183	0.4805
Meta-Llama-3-8B	8B	0.8356	0.4454	0.4002	0.8881	0.1757	0.3320	0.2199	0.2087	0.4558	0.3311	0.4292
llama-3-youko-8b	8B	0.8660	0.4902	0.5155	0.8947	0.2127	0.2840	0.2740	0.2180	0.4493	0.2183	0.4423
Llama-3-Swallow-8B-v0.1	8B	0.8945	0.4848	0.5640	0.8947	0.1981	0.4240	0.2758	0.2223	0.4699	0.2890	0.4717

English tasks

Model	Size	OpenBookQA	TriviaQA	HellaSWAG	SQuAD2.0	XWINO	MMLU	GSM8K	BBH	HumanEval	En Avg
		4-shot	4-shot	4-shot	4-shot	4-shot	5-shot	4-shot	3-shot	0-shot
		Acc	EM acc	Acc	EM acc	Acc	Acc	EM acc	CoT EM Acc	pass@1
Llama-2-7b	7B	0.3720	0.6385	0.5826	0.2911	0.9045	0.4590	0.1266	0.3993	0.1354	0.4343
Swallow-7b-hf	7B	0.3080	0.4921	0.5269	0.2608	0.8847	0.3918	0.0963	0.3531	0.0402	0.3727
Mistral-7B-v0.1	7B	0.3740	0.7030	0.6260	0.3381	0.9067	0.6236	0.3851	0.5597	0.2841	0.5334
Swallow-MS-7b-v0.1	7B	0.3480	0.5995	0.5798	0.3011	0.9015	0.5486	0.2669	0.4916	0.2732	0.4789
Qwen2-7B	7B	0.3740	0.6105	0.6006	0.3623	0.8916	0.7045	0.7748	0.5325	0.4622	0.5903
Meta-Llama-3-8B	8B	0.3760	0.7109	0.6124	0.3356	0.9032	0.6509	0.4936	0.6211	0.3793	0.5648
llama-3-youko-8b	8B	0.3500	0.6252	0.5885	0.3247	0.8959	0.5993	0.3571	0.5704	0.2793	0.5100
Llama-3-Swallow-8B-v0.1	8B	0.3520	0.6563	0.5901	0.3507	0.9006	0.6152	0.4875	0.5936	0.3323	0.5420

Evaluation Benchmarks

Japanese evaluation benchmarks

We used llm-jp-eval(v1.3.0), JP Language Model Evaluation Harness(commit #9b42d41) and Code Generation LM Evaluation Harness(commit #0261c52). The details are as follows:

Multiple-choice question answering (JCommonsenseQA [Kurihara et al., 2022])
Open-ended question answering (JEMHopQA [Ishii et al., 2024])
Open-ended question answering (NIILC [関根, 2003])
Machine reading comprehension (JSQuAD [Kurihara et al., 2022])
Automatic summarization (XL-Sum [Hasan et al., 2021])
Machine translation (WMT2020 ja-en [Barrault et al., 2020])
Machine translation (WMT2020 en-ja [Barrault et al., 2020])
Mathematical reasoning (MGSM [Shi et al., 2023])
Academic exams (JMMLU [尹ら, 2024])
Code generation (JHumanEval [佐藤ら, 2024])

English evaluation benchmarks

We used the Language Model Evaluation Harness(v.0.4.2) and Code Generation LM Evaluation Harness(commit #0261c52). The details are as follows:

Multiple-choice question answering (OpenBookQA [Mihaylov et al., 2018])
Open-ended question answering (TriviaQA [Joshi et al., 2017])
Machine reading comprehension (SQuAD2 [Rajpurkar et al., 2018])
Commonsense reasoning (XWINO [Tikhonov and Ryabinin, 2021])
Natural language inference (HellaSwag [Zellers et al., 2019])
Mathematical reasoning (GSM8K [Cobbe et al., 2021])
Reasoning (BBH (BIG-Bench-Hard) [Suzgun et al., 2023])
Academic exams (MMLU [Hendrycks et al., 2021])
Code generation (HumanEval [Chen et al., 2021])

Training Datasets

Continual Pre-Training

The following datasets were used for continual pre-training.

Risks and Limitations

The models released here are still in the early stages of our research and development and have not been tuned to ensure outputs align with human intent and safety considerations.

Acknowledgements

We thank Meta Research for releasing Llama 3 under an open license for others to build on.

Our project is supported by the Large Generative AI Development Support Program of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.

License

META LLAMA 3 COMMUNITY LICENSE

Authors

Here are the team members:

From Tokyo Institute of Technology Okazaki Laboratory, the following members:
From Tokyo Institute of Technology YOKOTA Laboratory, the following members:
From Artificial Intelligence Research Center, AIST, Japan, the following members:
- Hiroya Takamura

How to cite

If you find our work helpful, please feel free to cite us.

@inproceedings{Fujii:COLM2024,
   title={Continual Pre-Training for Cross-Lingual LLM Adaptation:
Enhancing Japanese Language Capabilities},
   author={Kazuki Fujii and Taishi Nakamura and Mengsay Loem and Hiroki
Iida and Masanari Ohi and Kakeru Hattori and Hirai Shota and Sakae
Mizuki and Rio Yokota and Naoaki Okazaki},
   booktitle="Proceedings of the First Conference on Language Modeling",
   series={COLM},
   pages="(to appear)",
   year="2024",
   month=oct,
   address={University of Pennsylvania, USA},
}

@inproceedings{Okazaki:COLM2024,
   title={Building a Large Japanese Web Corpus for Large Language Models},
   author={Naoaki Okazaki and Kakeru Hattori and Hirai Shota and Hiroki
Iida and Masanari Ohi and Kazuki Fujii and Taishi Nakamura and Mengsay
Loem and Rio Yokota and Sakae Mizuki},
   booktitle="Proceedings of the First Conference on Language Modeling",
   series={COLM},
   pages="(to appear)",
   year="2024",
   month=oct,
   address={University of Pennsylvania, USA},
}

Citations

tex

@article{llama3modelcard,
    title={Llama 3 Model Card},
    author={AI@Meta},
    year={2024},
    url = {https://github.com/meta-llama/llama3/blob/main/MODEL_CARD.md}
}

RichardErkhov/tokyotech-llm_-_Llama-3-Swallow-8B-v0.1-8bits

Original model description:

Llama3 Swallow - Built with Meta Llama 3