BERTIN-GPT-J-6B is a Spanish finetuned version of GPT-J 6B, a transformer model trained using Ben Wang's Mesh Transformer JAX. "GPT-J" refers to the class of model, while "6B" represents the number of trainable parameters.
* Each layer consists of one feedforward block and one self attention block.
† Although the embedding matrix has a size of 50400, only 50257 entries are used by the GPT-2 tokenizer.
The model consists of 28 layers with a model dimension of 4096, and a feedforward dimension of 16384. The model
dimension is split into 16 heads, each with a dimension of 256. Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) is applied to 64
dimensions of each head. The model is trained with a tokenization vocabulary of 50257, using the same set of BPEs as
GPT-2/GPT-3.
Training data
BERTIN-GPT-J-6B was finetuned on mC4-es-sampled (gaussian), a Spanish subset of mC4 sampled using perplexity values.
Training procedure
This model was finetuned for ~65 billion tokens (65,536,000,000) over 1,000,000 steps on a single TPU v3-8 VM. It was trained as an autoregressive language model, using cross-entropy loss to maximize the likelihood of predicting the next token correctly. Training took roughly 6 months.
Intended Use and Limitations
BERTIN-GPT-J-6B learns an inner representation of the Spanish language that can be used to extract features useful for downstream tasks. The model is best at what it was pretrained for however, which is generating text from a prompt.
How to use
This model can be easily loaded using the AutoModelForCausalLM functionality:
As the original GPT-J model, the core functionality of BERTIN-GPT-J-6B is taking a string of text and predicting the next token. While language models are widely used for tasks other than this, there are a lot of unknowns with this work. When prompting BERTIN-GPT-J-6B it is important to remember that the statistically most likely next token is often not the token that produces the most "accurate" text. Never depend upon BERTIN-GPT-J-6B to produce factually accurate output.
The original GPT-J was trained on the Pile, a dataset known to contain profanity, lewd, and otherwise abrasive language. Depending upon use case GPT-J may produce socially unacceptable text. See Sections 5 and 6 of the Pile paper for a more detailed analysis of the biases in the Pile. A fine-grained analysis of the bias contained in the corpus used for fine-tuning is still pending, although some preliminary remarks are given in the BERTIN paper.
As with all language models, it is hard to predict in advance how BERTIN-GPT-J-6B will respond to particular prompts and offensive content may occur without warning. We recommend having a human curate or filter the outputs before releasing them, both to censor undesirable content and to improve the quality of the results.
Evaluation results
We still have to find proper datasets to evaluate the model, so help is welcome!
Citation and Related Information
BibTeX entry
To cite this model:
bibtex
1@inproceedings{BERTIN-GPT,
2 author = {Javier De la Rosa and Andres Fernández},
3 editor = {Manuel Montes-y-Gómez and Julio Gonzalo and Francisco Rangel and Marco Casavantes and Miguel Ángel Álvarez-Carmona and Gemma Bel-Enguix and Hugo Jair Escalante and Larissa Freitas and Antonio Miranda-Escalada and Francisco Rodríguez-Sánchez and Aiala Rosá and Marco Antonio Sobrevilla-Cabezudo and Mariona Taulé and Rafael Valencia-García},
4 title = {Zero-shot Reading Comprehension and Reasoning for Spanish with {BERTIN} {GPT-J-6B}},
5 date = {2022-09},
6 booktitle = {Proceedings of the Iberian Languages Evaluation Forum (IberLEF 2022)},
7 booktitleaddon = {Co-located with the Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2022)},
8 eventdate = {2022-09-20/2022-09-25},
9 venue = {A Coru\~{n}a, Spain},
10 publisher = {CEUR Workshop Proceedings},
11}
To cite the data used to train it:
bibtex
1@article{BERTIN,
2 author = {Javier De la Rosa y Eduardo G. Ponferrada y Manu Romero y Paulo Villegas y Pablo González de Prado Salas y María Grandury},
3 title = {{BERTIN}: Efficient Pre-Training of a Spanish Language Model using Perplexity Sampling},
4 journal = {Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural},
5 volume = {68},
6 number = {0},
7 year = {2022},
8 keywords = {},
9 abstract = {The pre-training of large language models usually requires massive amounts of resources, both in terms of computation and data. Frequently used web sources such as Common Crawl might contain enough noise to make this pretraining sub-optimal. In this work, we experiment with different sampling methods from the Spanish version of mC4, and present a novel data-centric technique which we name perplexity sampling that enables the pre-training of language models in roughly half the amount of steps and using one fifth of the data. The resulting models are comparable to the current state-of-the-art, and even achieve better results for certain tasks. Our work is proof of the versatility of Transformers, and paves the way for small teams to train their models on a limited budget.},
10 issn = {1989-7553},
11 url = {http://journal.sepln.org/sepln/ojs/ojs/index.php/pln/article/view/6403},
12 pages = {13--23}
13}
If you use this model, we would love to hear about it! Reach out on twitter, GitHub, Discord, or shoot us an email.
This project would not have been possible without compute generously provided by the National Library of Norway and Google through the
TPU Research Cloud, as well as the Cloud TPU team for providing early access to the Cloud TPU VM Alpha. And specially, to Stella Biderman for her general openness, and Ben Wang for the main codebase.
Disclaimer
The models published in this repository are intended for a generalist purpose and are available to third parties. These models may have bias and/or any other undesirable distortions. When third parties, deploy or provide systems and/or services to other parties using any of these models (or using systems based on these models) or become users of the models, they should note that it is their responsibility to mitigate the risks arising from their use and, in any event, to comply with applicable regulations, including regulations regarding the use of artificial intelligence. In no event shall the owner of the models be liable for any results arising from the use made by third parties of these models.
