We introduce gte-v1.5 series, upgraded gte embeddings that support the context length of up to 8192, while further enhancing model performance. The models are built upon the transformer++ encoder backbone (BERT + RoPE + GLU).

The gte-v1.5 series achieve state-of-the-art scores on the MTEB benchmark within the same model size category and prodvide competitive on the LoCo long-context retrieval tests (refer to Evaluation).

We also present the gte-Qwen1.5-7B-instruct, a SOTA instruction-tuned multi-lingual embedding model that ranked 2nd in MTEB and 1st in C-MTEB.

Developed by: Institute for Intelligent Computing, Alibaba Group
Model type: Text Embeddings
Paper: mGTE: Generalized Long-Context Text Representation and Reranking Models for Multilingual Text Retrieval

Model list

Models	Language	Model Size	Max Seq. Length	Dimension	MTEB-en	LoCo
`gte-Qwen1.5-7B-instruct`	Multiple	7720	32768	4096	67.34	87.57
`gte-large-en-v1.5`	English	434	8192	1024	65.39	86.71
`gte-base-en-v1.5`	English	137	8192	768	64.11	87.44

How to Get Started with the Model

Use the code below to get started with the model.

python

# Requires transformers>=4.36.0

import torch.nn.functional as F
from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer

input_texts = [
    "what is the capital of China?",
    "how to implement quick sort in python?",
    "Beijing",
    "sorting algorithms"
]

model_path = 'Alibaba-NLP/gte-base-en-v1.5'
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_path)
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(model_path, trust_remote_code=True)

# Tokenize the input texts
batch_dict = tokenizer(input_texts, max_length=8192, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')

outputs = model(**batch_dict)
embeddings = outputs.last_hidden_state[:, 0]
 
# (Optionally) normalize embeddings
embeddings = F.normalize(embeddings, p=2, dim=1)
scores = (embeddings[:1] @ embeddings[1:].T) * 100
print(scores.tolist())

It is recommended to install xformers and enable unpadding for acceleration, refer to enable-unpadding-and-xformers.

Use with sentence-transformers:

python

# Requires sentence_transformers>=2.7.0

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
from sentence_transformers.util import cos_sim

sentences = ['That is a happy person', 'That is a very happy person']

model = SentenceTransformer('Alibaba-NLP/gte-base-en-v1.5', trust_remote_code=True)
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(cos_sim(embeddings[0], embeddings[1]))

Use with transformers.js:

// npm i @xenova/transformers
import { pipeline, dot } from '@xenova/transformers';

// Create feature extraction pipeline
const extractor = await pipeline('feature-extraction', 'Alibaba-NLP/gte-base-en-v1.5', {
    quantized: false, // Comment out this line to use the quantized version
});

// Generate sentence embeddings
const sentences = [
    "what is the capital of China?",
    "how to implement quick sort in python?",
    "Beijing",
    "sorting algorithms"
]
const output = await extractor(sentences, { normalize: true, pooling: 'cls' });

// Compute similarity scores
const [source_embeddings, ...document_embeddings ] = output.tolist();
const similarities = document_embeddings.map(x => 100 * dot(source_embeddings, x));
console.log(similarities); // [34.504930869007296, 64.03973265120138, 19.520042686034362]

Training Details

Training Data

Masked language modeling (MLM): c4-en
Weak-supervised contrastive pre-training (CPT): GTE pre-training data
Supervised contrastive fine-tuning: GTE fine-tuning data

Training Procedure

To enable the backbone model to support a context length of 8192, we adopted a multi-stage training strategy. The model first undergoes preliminary MLM pre-training on shorter lengths. And then, we resample the data, reducing the proportion of short texts, and continue the MLM pre-training.

The entire training process is as follows:

MLM-2048: lr 5e-4, mlm_probability 0.3, batch_size 4096, num_steps 70000, rope_base 10000
MLM-8192: lr 5e-5, mlm_probability 0.3, batch_size 1024, num_steps 20000, rope_base 500000
CPT: max_len 512, lr 2e-4, batch_size 32768, num_steps 100000
Fine-tuning: TODO

Evaluation

MTEB

The results of other models are retrieved from MTEB leaderboard.

The gte evaluation setting: mteb==1.2.0, fp16 auto mix precision, max_length=8192, and set ntk scaling factor to 2 (equivalent to rope_base * 2).

Model Name	Param Size (M)	Dimension	Sequence Length	Average (56)	Class. (12)	Clust. (11)	Pair Class. (3)	Reran. (4)	Retr. (15)	STS (10)	Summ. (1)
gte-large-en-v1.5	434	1024	8192	65.39	77.75	47.95	84.63	58.50	57.91	81.43	30.91
mxbai-embed-large-v1	335	1024	512	64.68	75.64	46.71	87.2	60.11	54.39	85	32.71
multilingual-e5-large-instruct	560	1024	514	64.41	77.56	47.1	86.19	58.58	52.47	84.78	30.39
bge-large-en-v1.5	335	1024	512	64.23	75.97	46.08	87.12	60.03	54.29	83.11	31.61
gte-base-en-v1.5	137	768	8192	64.11	77.17	46.82	85.33	57.66	54.09	81.97	31.17
bge-base-en-v1.5	109	768	512	63.55	75.53	45.77	86.55	58.86	53.25	82.4	31.07

LoCo

Model Name	Dimension	Sequence Length	Average (5)	QsmsumRetrieval	SummScreenRetrieval	QasperAbastractRetrieval	QasperTitleRetrieval	GovReportRetrieval
gte-qwen1.5-7b	4096	32768	87.57	49.37	93.10	99.67	97.54	98.21
gte-large-v1.5	1024	8192	86.71	44.55	92.61	99.82	97.81	98.74
gte-base-v1.5	768	8192	87.44	49.91	91.78	99.82	97.13	98.58

Citation

If you find our paper or models helpful, please consider citing them as follows:

@misc{zhang2024mgte,
  title={mGTE: Generalized Long-Context Text Representation and Reranking Models for Multilingual Text Retrieval}, 
  author={Xin Zhang and Yanzhao Zhang and Dingkun Long and Wen Xie and Ziqi Dai and Jialong Tang and Huan Lin and Baosong Yang and Pengjun Xie and Fei Huang and Meishan Zhang and Wenjie Li and Min Zhang},
  year={2024},
  eprint={2407.19669},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CL},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.19669}, 
}
@misc{li2023gte,
  title={Towards General Text Embeddings with Multi-stage Contrastive Learning}, 
  author={Zehan Li and Xin Zhang and Yanzhao Zhang and Dingkun Long and Pengjun Xie and Meishan Zhang},
  year={2023},
  eprint={2308.03281},
  archivePrefix={arXiv},
  primaryClass={cs.CL},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03281}, 
}

OrcaDB/gte-base-en-v1.5

gte-base-en-v1.5