We introduce Kanana, a series of bilingual language models (developed by Kakao) that demonstrate exceeding performance in Korean and competitive performance in English. The computational cost of Kanana is significantly lower than that of state-of-the-art models of similar size. The report details the techniques employed during pre-training to achieve compute-efficient yet competitive models, including high-quality data filtering, staged pre-training, depth up-scaling, and pruning and distillation. Furthermore, the report outlines the methodologies utilized during the post-training of the Kanana models, encompassing supervised fine-tuning and preference optimization, aimed at enhancing their capability for seamless interaction with users. Lastly, the report elaborates on plausible approaches used for language model adaptation to specific scenarios, such as embedding, function calling, and Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG). The Kanana model series spans from 2.1B to 32.5B parameters with 2.1B models (base, instruct, embedding, function call, and RAG) publicly released to promote research on Korean language models.

[!Note] Neither the pre-training nor the post-training data includes Kakao user data.

News
Performance
Quickstart
License
Citation
Contributors
Contact

News

📜2025/02/27: Released Technical Report and 🤗HF model weights.
📕2025/01/10: Published a blog post about the development of Kanana-Nano model. (Kanana-Nano)
📕2024/11/14: Published blog posts about the development of Kanana models. (Kanana LLM: Pre-training, Kanana LLM: Post-training)
▶️2024/11/06: Published a presentation video about the development of the Kanana models. (if(kakaoAI)2024)

Performance

Below are partial report on the performance of the Kanana model series. Please refer to the Technical Report for the full results.

Pre-trained Model Performance

Models	MMLU	KMMLU	HAERAE	HumanEval	MBPP	GSM8K
27b+ scale
Kanana-Flag-32.5b	77.68	62.10	90.47	51.22	63.40	70.05
Qwen2.5-32b	83.10	63.15	75.16	50.00	73.40	82.41
Gemma-2-27b	75.45	51.16	69.11	51.22	64.60	74.37
EXAONE-3.5-32b	72.68	46.36	82.22	-	-	-
Aya-Expanse-32b	74.52	49.57	80.66	-	-	-
7b+ scale
Kanana-Essence-9.8b	67.61	50.57	84.98	40.24	53.60	63.61
Llama-3.1-8b	65.18	41.02	61.78	35.37	48.60	50.87
Qwen2.5-7b	74.19	51.68	67.46	56.71	63.20	83.85
Gemma-2-9b	70.34	48.18	66.18	37.20	53.60	68.16
EXAONE-3.5-7.8b	65.36	45.30	77.54	-	-	-
Aya-Expanse-8b	62.52	40.11	71.95	-	-	-
2b+ scale
Kanana-Nano-2.1b	54.83	44.80	77.09	31.10	46.20	46.32
Llama-3.2-3b	56.40	35.57	47.66	25.61	39.00	27.37
Qwen2.5-3b	65.57	45.28	61.32	37.80	55.60	69.07
Gemma-2-2b	52.89	30.67	45.55	20.12	28.20	24.72
EXAONE-3.5-2.4b	59.27	43.58	69.65	-	-	-
70b+ scale
Llama-3.1-70b	78.93	53.00	76.35	57.32	66.60	81.73
Qwen2.5-72b	86.12	68.57	80.84	55.49	76.40	92.04

Post-trained Model Performance

Instruction-following Benchmarks

Models	MT-Bench	LogicKor	KoMT-Bench	WildBench	IFEval
27b+ scale
Kanana-Flag-32.5b	8.356	9.524	8.058	54.14	0.856
Qwen2.5-32b	8.331	8.988	7.847	51.13	0.822
Gemma-2-27b	8.088	8.869	7.373	46.46	0.817
EXAONE-3.5-32b	8.375	9.202	7.907	54.30	0.845
Aya-Expanse-32b	7.788	8.941	7.626	48.36	0.735
7b+ scale
Kanana-Essence-9.8b	7.769	8.964	7.706	47.27	0.799
Llama-3.1-8b	7.500	6.512	5.336	33.20	0.772
Qwen2.5-7b	7.625	7.952	6.808	41.31	0.760
Gemma-2-9b	7.633	8.643	7.029	40.92	0.750
EXAONE-3.5-7.8b	8.213	9.357	8.013	50.98	0.826
Aya-Expanse-8b	7.131	8.357	7.006	38.50	0.645
2b+ scale
Kanana-Nano-2.1b	6.400	7.964	5.857	25.41	0.720
Llama-3.2-3b	7.050	4.452	3.967	21.91	0.767
Qwen2.5-3b	6.969	6.488	5.274	25.76	0.355
Gemma-2-2b	7.225	5.917	4.835	28.71	0.428
EXAONE-3.5-2.4b	7.919	8.941	7.223	41.68	0.790
70b+ scale
Llama-3.1-70b	8.275	8.250	6.970	46.50	0.875
Qwen2.5-72b	8.619	9.214	8.281	55.25	0.861

General Benchmarks

Models	MMLU	KMMLU	HAE-RAE	HumanEval+	MBPP+	GSM8K	MATH
27b+ scale
Kanana-Flag-32.5b	81.08	64.19	68.18	77.44	69.84	90.83	57.82
Qwen2.5-32b	84.40	59.37	48.30	82.32	71.96	95.30	81.90
Gemma-2-27b	78.01	49.98	46.02	70.12	70.90	91.05	53.80
EXAONE-3.5-32b	78.30	55.44	52.27	78.66	70.90	93.56	76.80
Aya-Expanse-32b	74.49	42.35	51.14	64.63	65.61	75.06	42.82
7b+ scale
Kanana-Essence-9.8b	70.64	50.76	47.16	72.56	69.05	84.91	42.24
Llama-3.1-8b	71.18	39.24	40.91	60.98	57.67	82.71	49.86
Qwen2.5-7b	77.23	46.87	37.50	73.78	70.63	91.58	75.22
Gemma-2-9b	73.47	44.47	39.77	59.76	64.55	87.72	48.10
EXAONE-3.5-7.8b	72.62	52.09	46.02	79.27	66.67	89.99	73.50
Aya-Expanse-8b	61.23	35.78	39.20	42.68	56.88	78.85	30.80
2b+ scale
Kanana-Nano-2.1b	52.48	38.51	33.52	63.41	62.43	72.32	29.26
Llama-3.2-3b	56.09	3.07	17.05	56.71	50.26	66.57	38.18
Qwen2.5-3b	69.18	38.33	32.39	67.68	64.02	84.00	65.72
Gemma-2-2b	57.69	6.99	7.95	35.37	45.24	49.81	21.68
EXAONE-3.5-2.4b	63.19	14.27	14.20	70.73	59.79	83.78	64.04
70b+ scale
Llama-3.1-70b	83.48	39.08	53.41	75.61	66.40	91.66	63.98
Qwen2.5-72b	87.14	65.78	60.80	81.10	75.66	95.45	82.60

Embedding Model Performance

Backbone	Kanana-Nano-2.1b	Llama-3.2-3b	Qwen2.5-3b	Llama-3.2-1b	Qwen-2.5-1.5b
English	51.56	53.28	54.00	48.77	50.60
Korean	65.00	59.43	62.10	54.68	54.60
Avg.	58.28	56.35	58.05	51.73	52.60

Quickstart

🤗 HuggingFace Transformers

transformers>=4.45.0 or the latest version is required to run Kanana model.

pip install transformers>=4.45.0

Example Usage for `kanana-nano-2.1b-base`

python

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model_name = "kakaocorp/kanana-nano-2.1b-base"

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_name,
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    trust_remote_code=True,
).to("cuda")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name, padding_side="left")
tokenizer.pad_token = tokenizer.eos_token

prompt1 = "이처럼 인간처럼 생각하고 행동하는 AI 모델은 "
prompt2 = "Kakao is a leading company in South Korea, and it is known for "

input_ids = tokenizer(
    [prompt1, prompt2],
    padding=True,
    return_tensors="pt",
)["input_ids"].to("cuda")

_ = model.eval()
with torch.no_grad():
    output = model.generate(
        input_ids,
        max_new_tokens=32,
        do_sample=False,
    )

decoded = tokenizer.batch_decode(output, skip_special_tokens=True)
for text in decoded:
    print(text)

# Output:
# 이처럼 인간처럼 생각하고 행동하는 AI 모델은 2020년대 중반에 등장할 것으로 예상된다. 2020년대 중반에 등장할 것으로 예상되는 AI 모델은 인간
# Kakao is a leading company in South Korea, and it is known for 1) its innovative products and services, 2) its commitment to sustainability, and 3) its focus on customer experience. Kakao has been recognized as

License

The Kanana models are licensed under CC-BY-NC-4.0.

Citation

@misc{kananallmteam2025kananacomputeefficientbilinguallanguage,
      title={Kanana: Compute-efficient Bilingual Language Models}, 
      author={Kanana LLM Team and Yunju Bak and Hojin Lee and Minho Ryu and Jiyeon Ham and Seungjae Jung and Daniel Wontae Nam and Taegyeong Eo and Donghun Lee and Doohae Jung and Boseop Kim and Nayeon Kim and Jaesun Park and Hyunho Kim and Hyunwoong Ko and Changmin Lee and Kyoung-Woon On and Seulye Baeg and Junrae Cho and Sunghee Jung and Jieun Kang and EungGyun Kim and Eunhwa Kim and Byeongil Ko and Daniel Lee and Minchul Lee and Miok Lee and Shinbok Lee and Gaeun Seo},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2502.18934},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.18934}, 
}

Contributors

Pre-training: Yunju Bak, Doohae Jung, Boseop Kim, Nayeon Kim, Hojin Lee, Jaesun Park, Minho Ryu
Post-training: Jiyeon Ham, Seungjae Jung, Hyunho Kim, Hyunwoong Ko, Changmin Lee, Daniel Wontae Nam, Kyoung-Woon On
Adaptation: Seulye Baeg, Junrae Cho, Taegyeong Eo, Sunghee Jung, Jieun Kang, EungGyun Kim, Eunhwa Kim, Byeongil Ko, Daniel Lee, Donghun Lee, Minchul Lee, Miok Lee, Shinbok Lee, Minho Ryu, Gaeun Seo

Contact

Kanana LLM Team Technical Support: kanana-llm@kakaocorp.com
Business & Partnership Contact: alpha.k@kakaocorp.com

OpenLLM-Korea/kanana-nano-2.1b-base

Kanana

Introduction

Table of Contents