Lucie-7B was trained on 3 trillion tokens of multilingual data, including English (33.2%), French (32.4%), German (6.9%), Spanish (6.6%), Italian (3.8%), and parallel data from those languages (2.5%), as well as several programming languages (14.7%).

Example Code in Python

Load the model

Load the model (quantized version on GPU if possible, for efficient inference):

python

import transformers

model_name = "OpenLLM-France/Lucie-7B"

tokenizer = transformers.AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = transformers.AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name,
    device_map="auto",
    load_in_4bit=True       # For efficient inference, if quantization is supported by the GPU card
)

Sentence completion

Wrap the model in a text generation pipeline, and specify some generation parameters:

pipeline = transformers.pipeline("text-generation", model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer)

generation_kwargs = dict(
    num_return_sequences=1,               # Number of variants to generate.
    return_full_text= False,              # Do not include the prompt in the generated text.
    do_sample=True,
    temperature=1.0, top_p=1, top_k=None, # Sampling parameters.
    max_new_tokens=200,                   # Maximum length for the output text (in number of tokens).
)

Try 1-shot question answering:

python

prompt = """\
Quelle est la capitale de l'Espagne ? Madrid\n\
Quelle est la capitale de la France ?\
"""
completions = pipeline(prompt, **generation_kwargs)
for completion in completions:
    print(prompt + " […]" + completion['generated_text'])

This will print something like:

Quelle est la capitale de l'Espagne ? Madrid
Quelle est la capitale de la France ? […] Paris
Quelle est la capitale de l'Italie? Rome
Quelle est la capitale de la Grande-Bretagne? Londres
Quelle est la capitale de la Suisse? Berne
Quelle est la capitale du Portugal? Lisbonne
Quelle est la capitale de l'Algérie? Alger
...

If running on GPU (cuda device), you will need at least 6GB of VRAM to run inference using 4bit quantization (16GB of VRAM without 4bit quantization).

Load a checkpoint

Checkpoints at several training steps are available under revision tags, every 5000 steps during the first 25000 steps, and then every 25000 steps.

Intermediate checkpoints can be loaded using the revision parameter:

python

model = transformers.AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name,
    revision="step0753851",
    ...
)

where revision can be one of:

"step0005000", "step0010000", "step0015000", "step0020000": every 5000 steps for the first pre-training steps (with a context length of 4096).
"step0025000", "step0050000", "step0075000", "step0100000", ..., "step0750000": every 25000 steps from 25k to 750k steps.
"step0753851": last pre-training step before context length extension and annealing.
"extension_step0000250", "extension_step0000500", "extension_step0000750", "extension_step0001000", "extension_step0001220": several checkpoints during context length extension (with a context length of 32000).

Training Details

Training Data

The training dataset used for the pretraining of Lucie-7B is available at OpenLLM-France/Lucie-Training-Dataset.

The initial composition of the training data is as follows:

Some of the data was upsampled to balance the training data distribution yielding the following composition for training:

Training Procedure

Lucie-7B is a causal decoder-only model trained on a causal language modeling task (i.e., predict the next token).

It was pre-trained on 512 H100 80GB GPUs for about 550,000 GPU hours on the Jean Zay supercomputer.

The training code is available at https://github.com/OpenLLM-France/Lucie-Training. It is based on this fork of Megatron-DeepSpeed.

Optimizer checkpoints are available for download here.

Neural Network Architecture

Lucie-7B has the same neural network architecture as Llama3.1. It has exactly 6 706 958 336 free parameters, with the following hyperparameters:

Hyperparameter	Value
Vocabulary size (# tokens)	65 024
# transformer blocks	32
# attention heads	32
# key-value heads	8
Hidden size	4 096
Feed-Forward hidden size	12 288
Activation	`silu`
RMS norm epsilon	1e-5

The "theta" parameter of Rotary Positional Embedding (RoPE) was increased during the training process. Its values are indicated in the tables with training hyperparameters below.

Training Hyperparameters

The training consisted of three main phases:

Main pre-training on 3.1T tokens, with a context length of 4096,
Context extension on 5B tokens, with a context length of 32000,
Annealing on 5B tokens of high quality data composed of a mixture of new data and data seen during training.

The details of each phase are given below.

1. Main Pre-training

Training hyperparameters in torch/Megatron-DeepSpeed were as follows:

Hyperparameter	Value
Total # samples	762 144 586 (3.1T tokens)
Total # steps	753 851
RoPE theta	500 000
Context length	4 096
Initial Batch size	256
Final Batch size	1 024
Batch size rampup	by steps of 64 over 10M samples
Learning rate schedule	warmup (2M samples) + cosine annealing
Maximum Learning rate	3e-4
Final Learning rate	3e-5
Weight decay	0.1
Dropout	_
Gradient clipping	1
Initializer range	0.009
Optimizer	`AdamW` (β₁=0.9, β₂=0.95, ε=1e-5)
Precision	`bfloat16`
Tensor Parallelism (with 512 GPUs)	4
Pipeline Parallelism (with 512 GPUs)	4
Data Parallelism (with 512 GPUs)	32

2. Context Length Extension

Training hyperparameters are the same as above, with the following changes:

Hyperparameter	Value
Total # samples	156 250 (5B tokens)
Total # steps	1 220
RoPE theta	20 000 000
Context length	32 000
Batch size	128
Learning rate	2e-5
Learning rate schedule	constant
Tensor Parallelism (with 128 GPUs)	4
Pipeline Parallelism (with 128 GPUs)	4
Data Parallelism (with 128 GPUs)	8

3. Annealing

Training hyperparameters are the same as for context length extension, with the following changes:

Hyperparameter	Value
Total # samples	156 250 (5B tokens)
Total # steps	1 220
Learning rate schedule	linear annealing
Maximum Learning rate	3e-5
Final Learning rate	0

Training Logs and Learning Curves

Training loss

Training logs can be found in Tensorboard format in:

metadata/training_logs/
├── 1_pretraining.zip training logs for the first pre-training phases, in a zip file. Each file in the zip corresponds to a job of at most 20H of training (parallelized over 512 GPUs).
├── 2_extension/ folder containing the training log
└── 3_annealing/ folder containing the training log for the annealing phase, which also took around 13H of training (parallelized over 128 GPUs).

The convergence curves of the three pre-training phases are the following:

figures/convergence-curve-pretraining.png

Data corresponding to these plots were extracted from tensorboard logs and are available in the following CSV files:

metadata/training_logs/
├── 1_pretraining.csv
├── 2_extension.csv
└── 3_annealing.csv

Evaluations

Multiple evaluations were conducted during Lucie-7B's training to assess its performance on standard benchmarks, primarily in French and English, as well as in Spanish, German, and Italian.

Evaluation results on benchmark datasets of checkpoints of Lucie-7B throughout the training process are available at metadata/evaluation_learning_curve_lucie.csv. Evaluation results of baseline models on the same benchmark datasets are available at metadata/evaluation_baselines.csv.

Main results are summarized in the following figures:

French

English

other

figures/learning-curve-evaluation-multilingual-arc-benchmark.png

Needle in a Haystack

Pretraining

Context Length Extension

figures/needle-in-a-haystack/Lucie-7B-extension.png

Annealing

Disclaimer

Lucie-7B is a language model trained solely to predict the most probable next word in a sequence. Despite efforts to filter the Lucie Training Dataset, it is possible that Lucie-7B encountered strings containing toxic or offensive language during its training and as a result, it may generate strings of similar quality. To limit such behavior, it is advised to fine-tune Lucie-7B through instruction and/or preference tuning (DPO, RLHF, etc.).

Citation

When using the Lucie-7B model, please cite the following paper:

✍ Olivier Gouvert, Julie Hunter, Jérôme Louradour, Christophe Cérisara, Evan Dufraisse, Yaya Sy, Laura Rivière, Jean-Pierre Lorré (2025). The Lucie-7B LLM and the Lucie Training Dataset: Open resources for multilingual language generation. arxiv:2503.12294.

bibtex

@misc{openllm2025lucie,
      title={The Lucie-7B LLM and the Lucie Training Dataset: Open resources for multilingual language generation}, 
      author={Olivier Gouvert and Julie Hunter and Jérôme Louradour and Christophe Cerisara and Evan Dufraisse and Yaya Sy and Laura Rivière and Jean-Pierre Lorré and OpenLLM-France community},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2503.12294},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.12294}, 
}

Acknowledgements

This work was performed using HPC resources from GENCI–IDRIS (Grant 2024-GC011015444). We gratefully acknowledge support from GENCI and IDRIS and from Pierre-François Lavallée (IDRIS) and Stephane Requena (GENCI) in particular.

Lucie-7B was created by members of LINAGORA and the OpenLLM-France community, including in alphabetical order: Agustin Martin Picard (IRT), Thibaut Boissin (IRT), Christophe Cerisara (LORIA), Evan Dufraisse (CEA List), Julie Hunter (LINAGORA), Jean-Pierre Lorré (LINAGORA), Jérôme Louradour (LINAGORA), Lucas Hervier (IRT), Michel-Marie Maudet (LINAGORA), Olivier Gouvert (LINAGORA), and Yaya Sy (LORIA).

We thank Clément Bénesse (Opsci), Guokan Shang (MBZUAI), Ismaïl Harrando (LINAGORA), Joël Gombin (Opsci), Jordan Ricker (Opsci), Julien Tourille (EDF), Manuel Faysse (ILLUIN Technology), Olivier Ferret (CEA List), and Rachel Bawden (INRIA), for their helpful input.

We also thank the support teams from IDRIS, in particular Myriam Peyrounette and Hatim Bourfoune, and from Hugging Face, in particular Thomas Wolf, Guilherme Penedo, Elie Bakouch, Haojun Zhao, and Lucain Pouget for their technical guidance.

Finally, we thank the entire OpenLLM-France community, whose members have helped in diverse ways.

Contact

contact@openllm-france.fr