Our latest quantization method introduces precision-adaptive quantization for ultra-low-bit models (1-2 bit), with benchmark-proven improvements on Llama-3-8B. This approach uses layer-specific strategies to preserve accuracy while maintaining extreme memory efficiency.

Benchmark Context

All tests conducted on Llama-3-8B-Instruct using:

Standard perplexity evaluation pipeline
2048-token context window
Same prompt set across all quantizations

Method

Dynamic Precision Allocation:
- First/Last 25% of layers → IQ4_XS (selected layers)
- Middle 50% → IQ2_XXS/IQ3_S (increase efficiency)
Critical Component Protection:
- Embeddings/output layers use Q5_K
- Reduces error propagation by 38% vs standard 1-2bit

Quantization Performance Comparison (Llama-3-8B)

Quantization	Standard PPL	DynamicGate PPL	Δ PPL	Std Size	DG Size	Δ Size	Std Speed	DG Speed
IQ2_XXS	11.30	9.84	-12.9%	2.5G	2.6G	+0.1G	234s	246s
IQ2_XS	11.72	11.63	-0.8%	2.7G	2.8G	+0.1G	242s	246s
IQ2_S	14.31	9.02	-36.9%	2.7G	2.9G	+0.2G	238s	244s
IQ1_M	27.46	15.41	-43.9%	2.2G	2.5G	+0.3G	206s	212s
IQ1_S	53.07	32.00	-39.7%	2.1G	2.4G	+0.3G	184s	209s

Key:

PPL = Perplexity (lower is better)
Δ PPL = Percentage change from standard to DynamicGate
Speed = Inference time (CPU avx2, 2048 token context)
Size differences reflect mixed quantization overhead

Key Improvements:

🔥 IQ1_M shows massive 43.9% perplexity reduction (27.46 → 15.41)
🚀 IQ2_S cuts perplexity by 36.9% while adding only 0.2GB
⚡ IQ1_S maintains 39.7% better accuracy despite 1-bit quantization

Tradeoffs:

All variants have modest size increases (0.1-0.3GB)
Inference speeds remain comparable (<5% difference)

When to Use These Models

📌 Fitting models into GPU VRAM

✔ Memory-constrained deployments

✔ Cpu and Edge Devices where 1-2bit errors can be tolerated

✔ Research into ultra-low-bit quantization

Choosing the Right Model Format

Selecting the correct model format depends on your hardware capabilities and memory constraints.

BF16 (Brain Float 16) – Use if BF16 acceleration is available

A 16-bit floating-point format designed for faster computation while retaining good precision.
Provides similar dynamic range as FP32 but with lower memory usage.
Recommended if your hardware supports BF16 acceleration (check your device's specs).
Ideal for high-performance inference with reduced memory footprint compared to FP32.

📌 Use BF16 if:
✔ Your hardware has native BF16 support (e.g., newer GPUs, TPUs).
✔ You want higher precision while saving memory.
✔ You plan to requantize the model into another format.

📌 Avoid BF16 if:
❌ Your hardware does not support BF16 (it may fall back to FP32 and run slower).
❌ You need compatibility with older devices that lack BF16 optimization.

F16 (Float 16) – More widely supported than BF16

A 16-bit floating-point high precision but with less of range of values than BF16.
Works on most devices with FP16 acceleration support (including many GPUs and some CPUs).
Slightly lower numerical precision than BF16 but generally sufficient for inference.

📌 Use F16 if:
✔ Your hardware supports FP16 but not BF16.
✔ You need a balance between speed, memory usage, and accuracy.
✔ You are running on a GPU or another device optimized for FP16 computations.

📌 Avoid F16 if:
❌ Your device lacks native FP16 support (it may run slower than expected).
❌ You have memory limitations.

Quantized Models (Q4_K, Q6_K, Q8, etc.) – For CPU & Low-VRAM Inference

Quantization reduces model size and memory usage while maintaining as much accuracy as possible.

Lower-bit models (Q4_K) → Best for minimal memory usage, may have lower precision.
Higher-bit models (Q6_K, Q8_0) → Better accuracy, requires more memory.

📌 Use Quantized Models if:
✔ You are running inference on a CPU and need an optimized model.
✔ Your device has low VRAM and cannot load full-precision models.
✔ You want to reduce memory footprint while keeping reasonable accuracy.

📌 Avoid Quantized Models if:
❌ You need maximum accuracy (full-precision models are better for this).
❌ Your hardware has enough VRAM for higher-precision formats (BF16/F16).

Very Low-Bit Quantization (IQ3_XS, IQ3_S, IQ3_M, Q4_K, Q4_0)

These models are optimized for extreme memory efficiency, making them ideal for low-power devices or large-scale deployments where memory is a critical constraint.

IQ3_XS: Ultra-low-bit quantization (3-bit) with extreme memory efficiency.
- Use case: Best for ultra-low-memory devices where even Q4_K is too large.
- Trade-off: Lower accuracy compared to higher-bit quantizations.
IQ3_S: Small block size for maximum memory efficiency.
- Use case: Best for low-memory devices where IQ3_XS is too aggressive.
IQ3_M: Medium block size for better accuracy than IQ3_S.
- Use case: Suitable for low-memory devices where IQ3_S is too limiting.
Q4_K: 4-bit quantization with block-wise optimization for better accuracy.
- Use case: Best for low-memory devices where Q6_K is too large.
Q4_0: Pure 4-bit quantization, optimized for ARM devices.
- Use case: Best for ARM-based devices or low-memory environments.

Summary Table: Model Format Selection

Model Format	Precision	Memory Usage	Device Requirements	Best Use Case
BF16	Highest	High	BF16-supported GPU/CPUs	High-speed inference with reduced memory
F16	High	High	FP16-supported devices	GPU inference when BF16 isn't available
Q4_K	Medium Low	Low	CPU or Low-VRAM devices	Best for memory-constrained environments
Q6_K	Medium	Moderate	CPU with more memory	Better accuracy while still being quantized
Q8_0	High	Moderate	CPU or GPU with enough VRAM	Best accuracy among quantized models
IQ3_XS	Very Low	Very Low	Ultra-low-memory devices	Extreme memory efficiency and low accuracy
Q4_0	Low	Low	ARM or low-memory devices	llama.cpp can optimize for ARM devices

Included Files & Details

`watt-tool-8B-bf16.gguf`

Model weights preserved in BF16.
Use this if you want to requantize the model into a different format.
Best if your device supports BF16 acceleration.

`watt-tool-8B-f16.gguf`

Model weights stored in F16.
Use if your device supports FP16, especially if BF16 is not available.

`watt-tool-8B-bf16-q8_0.gguf`

Output & embeddings remain in BF16.
All other layers quantized to Q8_0.
Use if your device supports BF16 and you want a quantized version.

`watt-tool-8B-f16-q8_0.gguf`

Output & embeddings remain in F16.
All other layers quantized to Q8_0.

`watt-tool-8B-q4_k.gguf`

Output & embeddings quantized to Q8_0.
All other layers quantized to Q4_K.
Good for CPU inference with limited memory.

`watt-tool-8B-q4_k_s.gguf`

Smallest Q4_K variant, using less memory at the cost of accuracy.
Best for very low-memory setups.

`watt-tool-8B-q6_k.gguf`

Output & embeddings quantized to Q8_0.
All other layers quantized to Q6_K .

`watt-tool-8B-q8_0.gguf`

Fully Q8 quantized model for better accuracy.
Requires more memory but offers higher precision.

`watt-tool-8B-iq3_xs.gguf`

IQ3_XS quantization, optimized for extreme memory efficiency.
Best for ultra-low-memory devices.

`watt-tool-8B-iq3_m.gguf`

IQ3_M quantization, offering a medium block size for better accuracy.
Suitable for low-memory devices.

`watt-tool-8B-q4_0.gguf`

Pure Q4_0 quantization, optimized for ARM devices.
Best for low-memory environments.
Prefer IQ4_NL for better accuracy.

🚀 If you find these models useful

❤ Please click "Like" if you find this useful!
Help me test my AI-Powered Network Monitor Assistant with quantum-ready security checks:
👉 Quantum Network Monitor

💬 How to test:

Click the chat icon (bottom right on any page)
Choose an AI assistant type:
- TurboLLM (GPT-4-mini)
- FreeLLM (Open-source)
- TestLLM (Experimental CPU-only)

What I’m Testing

I’m pushing the limits of small open-source models for AI network monitoring, specifically:

Function calling against live network services
How small can a model go while still handling:
- Automated Nmap scans
- Quantum-readiness checks
- Metasploit integration

🟡 TestLLM – Current experimental model (llama.cpp on 6 CPU threads):

✅ Zero-configuration setup
⏳ 30s load time (slow inference but no API costs)
🔧 Help wanted! If you’re into edge-device AI, let’s collaborate!

Other Assistants

🟢 TurboLLM – Uses gpt-4-mini for:

Real-time network diagnostics
Automated penetration testing (Nmap/Metasploit)
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2x more tokens than TurboLLM
AI-powered log analysis
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"Give me info on my websites SSL certificate"
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"Run a quick Nmap vulnerability test"
'"Create a cmd processor to .. (what ever you want)" Note you need to install a Quantum Network Monitor Agent to run the .net code from. This is a very flexible and powerful feature. Use with caution!

Final word

I fund the servers to create the models files, run the Quantum Network Monitor Service and Pay for Inference from Novita and OpenAI all from my own pocket. All of the code for creating the models and the work I have done with Quantum Network Monitor is open source. Feel free to use what you find useful. Please support my work and consider buying me a coffee . This will help me pay for the services and increase the token limits for everyone.

Thank you :)

watt-tool-8B

watt-tool-8B is a fine-tuned language model based on LLaMa-3.1-8B-Instruct, optimized for tool usage and multi-turn dialogue. It achieves state-of-the-art performance on the Berkeley Function-Calling Leaderboard (BFCL).

Model Description

This model is specifically designed to excel at complex tool usage scenarios that require multi-turn interactions, making it ideal for empowering platforms like Lupan, an AI-powered workflow building tool. By leveraging a carefully curated and optimized dataset, watt-tool-8B demonstrates superior capabilities in understanding user requests, selecting appropriate tools, and effectively utilizing them across multiple turns of conversation.

Target Application: AI Workflow Building as in https://lupan.watt.chat/ and Coze.

Key Features

Enhanced Tool Usage: Fine-tuned for precise and efficient tool selection and execution.
Multi-Turn Dialogue: Optimized for maintaining context and effectively utilizing tools across multiple turns of conversation, enabling more complex task completion.
State-of-the-Art Performance: Achieves top performance on the BFCL, demonstrating its capabilities in function calling and tool usage.

Training Methodology

watt-tool-8B is trained using supervised fine-tuning on a specialized dataset designed for tool usage and multi-turn dialogue. We use CoT techniques to synthesize high-quality multi-turn dialogue data.

The training process is inspired by the principles outlined in the paper: "Direct Multi-Turn Preference Optimization for Language Agents". We use SFT and DMPO to further enhance the model's performance in multi-turn agent tasks.

How to Use

python

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model_id = "watt-ai/watt-tool-8B"

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, torch_dtype='auto', device_map="auto")

# Example usage (adapt as needed for your specific tool usage scenario)
"""You are an expert in composing functions. You are given a question and a set of possible functions. Based on the question, you will need to make one or more function/tool calls to achieve the purpose.
If none of the function can be used, point it out. If the given question lacks the parameters required by the function, also point it out.
You should only return the function call in tools call sections.

If you decide to invoke any of the function(s), you MUST put it in the format of [func_name1(params_name1=params_value1, params_name2=params_value2...), func_name2(params)]
You SHOULD NOT include any other text in the response.
Here is a list of functions in JSON format that you can invoke.\n{functions}\n
"""
# User query
query = "Find me the sales growth rate for company XYZ for the last 3 years and also the interest coverage ratio for the same duration."

tools = [
    {
        "name": "financial_ratios.interest_coverage", "description": "Calculate a company's interest coverage ratio given the company name and duration",
        "arguments": {
            "type": "dict",
            "properties": {
                "company_name": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "description": "The name of the company."
                }, 
                "years": {
                    "type": "integer",
                    "description": "Number of past years to calculate the ratio."
                }
            }, 
            "required": ["company_name", "years"]
        }
    },
    {
        "name": "sales_growth.calculate",
        "description": "Calculate a company's sales growth rate given the company name and duration",
        "arguments": {
            "type": "dict", 
            "properties": {
                "company": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "description": "The company that you want to get the sales growth rate for."
                }, 
                "years": {
                    "type": "integer",
                    "description": "Number of past years for which to calculate the sales growth rate."
                }
            }, 
            "required": ["company", "years"]
        }
    },
    {
        "name": "weather_forecast",
        "description": "Retrieve a weather forecast for a specific location and time frame.",
        "arguments": {
            "type": "dict",
            "properties": {
                "location": {
                    "type": "string",
                    "description": "The city that you want to get the weather for."
                }, 
                "days": {
                    "type": "integer",
                    "description": "Number of days for the forecast."
                }
            },
            "required": ["location", "days"]
        }
    }
]

messages = [
    {'role': 'system', 'content': system_prompt.format(functions=tools)},
    {'role': 'user', 'content': query}
]
inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, add_generation_prompt=True, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)

outputs = model.generate(inputs, max_new_tokens=512, do_sample=False, num_return_sequences=1, eos_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][len(inputs[0]):], skip_special_tokens=True))

Mungert/watt-tool-8B-GGUF

watt-tool-8B GGUF Models

Ultra-Low-Bit Quantization with IQ-DynamicGate (1-2 bit)