Bilingual-embedding is the Embedding Model for bilingual language: french and english. This model is a specialized sentence-embedding trained specifically for the bilingual language, leveraging the robust capabilities of Multilingual-MiniLM-L12-H384, a pre-trained language model is built upon multilingual-e5 architecture. The model utilizes MiniLM to encode english-french sentences into a 384-dimensional vector space, facilitating a wide range of applications from semantic search to text clustering. The embeddings capture the nuanced meanings of english-french sentences, reflecting both the lexical and contextual layers of the language.

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BilingualModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Training and Fine-tuning process

Stage 1: NLI Training

Dataset: [(SNLI+XNLI) for english+french]
Method: Training using Multi-Negative Ranking Loss. This stage focused on improving the model's ability to discern and rank nuanced differences in sentence semantics.

Stage 3: Continued Fine-tuning for Semantic Textual Similarity on STS Benchmark

Dataset: [STSB-fr and en]
Method: Fine-tuning specifically for the semantic textual similarity benchmark using Siamese BERT-Networks configured with the 'sentence-transformers' library.

Stage 4: Advanced Augmentation Fine-tuning

Dataset: STSB with generate silver sample from gold sample
Method: Employed an advanced strategy using Augmented SBERT with Pair Sampling Strategies, integrating both Cross-Encoder and Bi-Encoder models. This stage further refined the embeddings by enriching the training data dynamically, enhancing the model's robustness and accuracy.

Usage:

Using this model becomes easy when you have sentence-transformers installed:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can use the model like this:

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

sentences = ["Paris est une capitale de la France", "Paris is a capital of France"]

model = SentenceTransformer('Lajavaness/bilingual-embedding-small', trust_remote_code=True)

embeddings = model.encode(sentences)

print(embeddings)

Evaluation

TODO

Citation

@article{conneau2019unsupervised,
  title={Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale},
  author={Conneau, Alexis and Khandelwal, Kartikay and Goyal, Naman and Chaudhary, Vishrav and Wenzek, Guillaume and Guzm{\'a}n, Francisco and Grave, Edouard and Ott, Myle and Zettlemoyer, Luke and Stoyanov, Veselin},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.02116},
  year={2019}
}

@article{reimers2019sentence,
   title={Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks},
   author={Nils Reimers, Iryna Gurevych},
   journal={https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084},
   year={2019}
}

@article{thakur2020augmented,
  title={Augmented SBERT: Data Augmentation Method for Improving Bi-Encoders for Pairwise Sentence Scoring Tasks},
  author={Thakur, Nandan and Reimers, Nils and Daxenberger, Johannes and Gurevych, Iryna},
  journal={arXiv e-prints},
  pages={arXiv--2010},
  year={2020}