Parameter	Value
direction_index	per layer
attn.o_proj.max_weight	1.43
attn.o_proj.max_weight_position	13.89
attn.o_proj.min_weight	0.80
attn.o_proj.min_weight_distance	6.87
mlp.down_proj.max_weight	0.96
mlp.down_proj.max_weight_position	13.01
mlp.down_proj.min_weight	0.77
mlp.down_proj.min_weight_distance	1.74

Performance

Metric	This model	Original model (a model)
KL divergence	0.0355	0 (by definition)
Refusals	7/100	89/100

Try LFM • Docs • LEAP • Discord

LFM2.5-350M

LFM2.5 is a new family of hybrid models designed for on-device deployment. It builds on the LFM2 architecture with extended pre-training and reinforcement learning.

Best-in-class performance: A 350M model rivaling much larger models, bringing high-quality AI to your pocket.
Fast edge inference: 313 tok/s decode on AMD CPU, 188 tok/s on Snapdragon Gen4. Runs under 1GB of memory with day-one support for llama.cpp, MLX, and vLLM.
Scaled training: Extended pre-training from 10T to 28T tokens and large-scale multi-stage reinforcement learning.

Find more information about LFM2.5-350M in our blog post.

[!NOTE] 💻 Demo: https://huggingface.co/spaces/webml-community/lfm2.5-webgpu-summarizer

🗒️ Model Details

Model	Parameters	Description
LFM2.5-350M-Base	350M	Pre-trained base model for fine-tuning
LFM2.5-350M	350M	General-purpose instruction-tuned model

LFM2.5-350M is a general-purpose text-only model with the following features:

Number of parameters: 350M
Number of layers: 16 (10 double-gated convolution blocks + 6 GQA blocks)
Training budget: 28T tokens
Context length: 32,768 tokens
Vocabulary size: 65,536
Knowledge cutoff: Mid-2024
Languages: English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish
Generation parameters:
- temperature: 0.1
- top_k: 50
- repetition_penalty: 1.05

Model	Description
LFM2.5-350M	Original model checkpoint in native format. Best for fine-tuning or inference with Transformers and vLLM.
LFM2.5-350M-GGUF	Quantized format for llama.cpp and compatible tools. Optimized for CPU inference and local deployment with reduced memory usage.
LFM2.5-350M-ONNX	ONNX Runtime format for cross-platform deployment. Enables hardware-accelerated inference across diverse environments (cloud, edge, mobile).
LFM2.5-350M-MLX	MLX format for Apple Silicon. Optimized for fast inference on Mac devices using the MLX framework.
LFM2.5-350M-OpenVINO	OpenVINO format for Intel hardware acceleration. Optimized for efficient inference on Intel CPUs, GPUs, and NPUs.

We recommend using it for data extraction, structured outputs, and tool use. It is not recommended for knowledge-intensive tasks and programming.

Chat Template

LFM2.5 uses a ChatML-like format. See the Chat Template documentation for details. Example:

<|startoftext|><|im_start|>system
You are a helpful assistant trained by Liquid AI.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
What is C. elegans?<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant

You can use tokenizer.apply_chat_template() to format your messages automatically.

Tool Use

LFM2.5 supports function calling as follows:

Function definition: We recommend providing the list of tools as a JSON object in the system prompt. You can also use the tokenizer.apply_chat_template() function with tools.
Function call: By default, LFM2.5 writes Pythonic function calls (a Python list between <|tool_call_start|> and <|tool_call_end|> special tokens), as the assistant answer. You can override this behavior by asking the model to output JSON function calls in the system prompt.
Function execution: The function call is executed, and the result is returned as a "tool" role.
Final answer: LFM2 interprets the outcome of the function call to address the original user prompt in plain text.

See the Tool Use documentation for the full guide. Example:

<|startoftext|><|im_start|>system
List of tools: [{"name": "get_candidate_status", "description": "Retrieves the current status of a candidate in the recruitment process", "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {"candidate_id": {"type": "string", "description": "Unique identifier for the candidate"}}, "required": ["candidate_id"]}}]<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
What is the current status of candidate ID 12345?<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<|tool_call_start|>[get_candidate_status(candidate_id="12345")]<|tool_call_end|>Checking the current status of candidate ID 12345.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>tool
[{"candidate_id": "12345", "status": "Interview Scheduled", "position": "Clinical Research Associate", "date": "2023-11-20"}]<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
The candidate with ID 12345 is currently in the "Interview Scheduled" stage for the position of Clinical Research Associate, with an interview date set for 2023-11-20.<|im_end|>

🏃 Inference

LFM2.5 is supported by many inference frameworks. See the Inference documentation for the full list.

Name	Description	Docs	Notebook
Transformers	Simple inference with direct access to model internals.	Link	Colab link
vLLM	High-throughput production deployments with GPU.	Link	Colab link
llama.cpp	Cross-platform inference with CPU offloading.	Link	Colab link
MLX	Apple's machine learning framework optimized for Apple Silicon.	Link	—
LM Studio	Desktop application for running LLMs locally.	Link	—
OpenVINO	Intel's toolkit for optimized inference on CPUs, GPUs, and NPUs.	Link	—

Here's a quick start example with Transformers:

python

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, TextStreamer

model_id = "LiquidAI/LFM2.5-350M"
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_id,
    device_map="auto",
    dtype="bfloat16",
#   attn_implementation="flash_attention_2" <- uncomment on compatible GPU
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
streamer = TextStreamer(tokenizer, skip_prompt=True, skip_special_tokens=True)

prompt = "What is C. elegans?"

input_ids = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    [{"role": "user", "content": prompt}],
    add_generation_prompt=True,
    return_tensors="pt",
    tokenize=True,
)["input_ids"].to(model.device)

output = model.generate(
    input_ids,
    do_sample=True,
    temperature=0.1,
    top_k=50,
    repetition_penalty=1.05,
    max_new_tokens=512,
    streamer=streamer,
)

🔧 Fine-Tuning

We recommend fine-tuning LFM2.5 for your specific use case to achieve the best results.

Name	Description	Docs	Notebook
CPT (Unsloth)	Continued Pre-Training using Unsloth for text completion.	Link	Colab link
CPT (Unsloth)	Continued Pre-Training using Unsloth for translation.	Link	Colab link
SFT (Unsloth)	Supervised Fine-Tuning with LoRA using Unsloth.	Link	Colab link
SFT (TRL)	Supervised Fine-Tuning with LoRA using TRL.	Link	Colab link
DPO (TRL)	Direct Preference Optimization with LoRA using TRL.	Link	Colab link
GRPO (Unsloth)	GRPO with LoRA using Unsloth.	Link	Colab link
GRPO (TRL)	GRPO with LoRA using TRL.	Link	Colab link

📊 Performance

Benchmarks

Model	GPQA Diamond	MMLU-Pro	IFEval	IFBench	Multi-IF
LFM2.5-350M	30.64	20.01	76.96	40.69	44.92
LFM2-350M	27.58	19.29	64.96	18.20	32.92
Granite 4.0-H-350M	22.32	13.14	61.27	17.22	28.70
Granite 4.0-350M	25.91	12.84	53.48	15.98	24.21
Qwen3.5-0.8B (Instruct)	27.41	37.42	59.94	22.87	41.68
Qwen3.5-0.8B (Thinking)	19.29	-*	32.93	22.00	26.44
Gemma 3 1B IT	23.89	14.04	63.49	20.33	44.25

Model	CaseReportBench	BFCLv3	BFCLv4	τ²-Bench Telecom	τ²-Bench Retail
LFM2.5-350M	32.45	44.11	21.86	18.86	17.84
LFM2-350M	11.67	22.95	12.29	10.82	5.56
Granite 4.0-H-350M	12.44	43.07	13.28	13.74	6.14
Granite 4.0-350M	0.84	39.58	13.73	2.92	6.14
Qwen3.5-0.8B (Instruct)	13.83	35.08	18.70	12.57	6.14
Qwen3.5-0.8B (Thinking)	0.39	39.64	25.39	14.33	7.02
Gemma 3 1B IT	2.28	16.61	7.17	9.36	6.43

*Evaluation could not be completed due to doom looping.

CPU Inference

GPU Inference

📬 Contact

Got questions or want to connect? Join our Discord community
If you are interested in custom solutions with edge deployment, please contact our sales team.

Citation

bibtex

@article{liquidAI2026350M,
  author = {Liquid AI},
  title = {LFM2.5-350M: No Size Left Behind},
  journal = {Liquid AI Blog},
  year = {2026},
  note = {www.liquid.ai/blog/lfm2-5-350m-no-size-left-behind},
}