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xlm-roberta-base for sentence-level language tagging across 100 languages.
The model predicts BIO-style language tags over tokens, which makes it useful for
language identification, code-switch detection, and multilingual document analysis.Compared to version 2.2, this version had training data that attempted to fix the model scoring common grade-school words from major langauges as low confidence or in a minor language bucket.
Note that Romanized versions of any language may have no representation in the training set, such as Romanized Russian, and Hindi.
| lang | train sentences | train tokens | eval sentences | eval tokens | all sentences | all tokens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| en | 423264 (2.41%) | 9841704 (1.71%) | 3157 (3.84%) | 35025 (1.79%) | 426421 (2.41%) | 9876729 (1.71%) |
| es | 359106 (2.04%) | 9729675 (1.69%) | 2201 (2.68%) | 22340 (1.14%) | 361307 (2.04%) | 9752015 (1.69%) |
| ru | 356083 (2.02%) | 8945224 (1.56%) | 2226 (2.71%) | 21578 (1.10%) | 358309 (2.03%) | 8966802 (1.55%) |
| fr | 354645 (2.02%) | 10591338 (1.84%) | 2213 (2.69%) | 26148 (1.34%) | 356858 (2.02%) | 10617486 (1.84%) |
| ja | 352243 (2.00%) | 7945312 (1.38%) | 2219 (2.70%) | 25849 (1.32%) | 354462 (2.01%) | 7971161 (1.38%) |
| pt | 346042 (1.97%) | 8793674 (1.53%) | 2059 (2.50%) | 20881 (1.07%) | 348101 (1.97%) | 8814555 (1.53%) |
| de | 344644 (1.96%) | 8847457 (1.54%) | 2151 (2.61%) | 24958 (1.27%) | 346795 (1.96%) | 8872415 (1.54%) |
| it | 343887 (1.95%) | 8790806 (1.53%) | 2000 (2.43%) | 17342 (0.89%) | 345887 (1.96%) | 8808148 (1.53%) |
| fi | 299568 (1.70%) | 6905536 (1.20%) | 1576 (1.92%) | 14458 (0.74%) | 301144 (1.70%) | 6919994 (1.20%) |
| uk | 297565 (1.69%) | 7228987 (1.26%) | 1398 (1.70%) | 11391 (0.58%) | 298963 (1.69%) | 7240378 (1.26%) |
| zh | 294064 (1.67%) | 7329413 (1.28%) | 1717 (2.09%) | 33433 (1.71%) | 295781 (1.67%) | 7362846 (1.28%) |
| tr | 289328 (1.64%) | 6606625 (1.15%) | 1384 (1.68%) | 11089 (0.57%) | 290712 (1.64%) | 6617714 (1.15%) |
| he | 289239 (1.64%) | 7792338 (1.36%) | 1100 (1.34%) | 10342 (0.53%) | 290339 (1.64%) | 7802680 (1.35%) |
| pl | 288423 (1.64%) | 7707293 (1.34%) | 1305 (1.59%) | 11306 (0.58%) | 289728 (1.64%) | 7718599 (1.34%) |
| hu | 286880 (1.63%) | 7547282 (1.31%) | 1232 (1.50%) | 11115 (0.57%) | 288112 (1.63%) | 7558397 (1.31%) |
| nl | 280682 (1.60%) | 6057971 (1.05%) | 1296 (1.58%) | 10453 (0.53%) | 281978 (1.60%) | 6068424 (1.05%) |
| lt | 273386 (1.55%) | 6507776 (1.13%) | 1165 (1.42%) | 10491 (0.54%) | 274551 (1.55%) | 6518267 (1.13%) |
| eo | 267885 (1.52%) | 6554654 (1.14%) | 1055 (1.28%) | 13271 (0.68%) | 268940 (1.52%) | 6567925 (1.14%) |
| ar | 257437 (1.46%) | 5125573 (0.89%) | 1327 (1.61%) | 15180 (0.78%) | 258764 (1.46%) | 5140753 (0.89%) |
| cs | 240507 (1.37%) | 6406086 (1.11%) | 1082 (1.32%) | 9473 (0.48%) | 241589 (1.37%) | 6415559 (1.11%) |
| mk | 231103 (1.31%) | 6478376 (1.13%) | 953 (1.16%) | 7713 (0.39%) | 232056 (1.31%) | 6486089 (1.12%) |
| mr | 228596 (1.30%) | 5886608 (1.02%) | 776 (0.94%) | 6332 (0.32%) | 229372 (1.30%) | 5892940 (1.02%) |
| no | 223605 (1.27%) | 6137131 (1.07%) | 1396 (1.70%) | 40226 (2.05%) | 225001 (1.27%) | 6177357 (1.07%) |
| da | 222243 (1.26%) | 5375746 (0.94%) | 1201 (1.46%) | 10373 (0.53%) | 223444 (1.26%) | 5386119 (0.93%) |
| hy | 207937 (1.18%) | 6345675 (1.10%) | 791 (0.96%) | 9276 (0.47%) | 208728 (1.18%) | 6354951 (1.10%) |
| tl | 207674 (1.18%) | 5561702 (0.97%) | 1017 (1.24%) | 10926 (0.56%) | 208691 (1.18%) | 5572628 (0.97%) |
| hi | 206552 (1.17%) | 7796062 (1.36%) | 1079 (1.31%) | 47351 (2.42%) | 207631 (1.17%) | 7843413 (1.36%) |
| ko | 205625 (1.17%) | 6481034 (1.13%) | 1156 (1.41%) | 32355 (1.65%) | 206781 (1.17%) | 6513389 (1.13%) |
| el | 202334 (1.15%) | 7105554 (1.24%) | 826 (1.00%) | 13412 (0.68%) | 203160 (1.15%) | 7118966 (1.23%) |
| ro | 194999 (1.11%) | 6206913 (1.08%) | 820 (1.00%) | 14575 (0.74%) | 195819 (1.11%) | 6221488 (1.08%) |
| fa | 192050 (1.09%) | 5728246 (1.00%) | 696 (0.85%) | 14765 (0.75%) | 192746 (1.09%) | 5743011 (1.00%) |
| sk | 189330 (1.08%) | 5318617 (0.93%) | 873 (1.06%) | 20779 (1.06%) | 190203 (1.08%) | 5339396 (0.93%) |
| la | 188201 (1.07%) | 4591159 (0.80%) | 824 (1.00%) | 8557 (0.44%) | 189025 (1.07%) | 4599716 (0.80%) |
| bg | 187685 (1.07%) | 5860353 (1.02%) | 762 (0.93%) | 16804 (0.86%) | 188447 (1.07%) | 5877157 (1.02%) |
| be | 181543 (1.03%) | 6528657 (1.14%) | 869 (1.06%) | 25944 (1.32%) | 182412 (1.03%) | 6554601 (1.14%) |
| is | 180452 (1.03%) | 6146455 (1.07%) | 959 (1.17%) | 39591 (2.02%) | 181411 (1.03%) | 6186046 (1.07%) |
| lv | 179142 (1.02%) | 5867897 (1.02%) | 762 (0.93%) | 33481 (1.71%) | 179904 (1.02%) | 5901378 (1.02%) |
| ckb | 174282 (0.99%) | 7825141 (1.36%) | 667 (0.81%) | 28756 (1.47%) | 174949 (0.99%) | 7853897 (1.36%) |
| ms | 172573 (0.98%) | 4614764 (0.80%) | 815 (0.99%) | 24769 (1.26%) | 173388 (0.98%) | 4639533 (0.80%) |
| ka | 170876 (0.97%) | 5505127 (0.96%) | 673 (0.82%) | 20651 (1.05%) | 171549 (0.97%) | 5525778 (0.96%) |
| kk | 170695 (0.97%) | 5132560 (0.89%) | 676 (0.82%) | 18695 (0.95%) | 171371 (0.97%) | 5151255 (0.89%) |
| bn | 170721 (0.97%) | 6393448 (1.11%) | 441 (0.54%) | 14727 (0.75%) | 171162 (0.97%) | 6408175 (1.11%) |
| eu | 168462 (0.96%) | 5737310 (1.00%) | 746 (0.91%) | 37196 (1.90%) | 169208 (0.96%) | 5774506 (1.00%) |
| as | 168746 (0.96%) | 8564682 (1.49%) | 445 (0.54%) | 24444 (1.25%) | 169191 (0.96%) | 8589126 (1.49%) |
| mn | 167543 (0.95%) | 5678049 (0.99%) | 703 (0.85%) | 20347 (1.04%) | 168246 (0.95%) | 5698396 (0.99%) |
| ur | 165992 (0.94%) | 5361179 (0.93%) | 684 (0.83%) | 22622 (1.16%) | 166676 (0.94%) | 5383801 (0.93%) |
| oc | 165863 (0.94%) | 5735536 (1.00%) | 730 (0.89%) | 18599 (0.95%) | 166593 (0.94%) | 5754135 (1.00%) |
| ba | 164919 (0.94%) | 8387828 (1.46%) | 699 (0.85%) | 35927 (1.83%) | 165618 (0.94%) | 8423755 (1.46%) |
| th | 164429 (0.93%) | 5495248 (0.96%) | 649 (0.79%) | 22113 (1.13%) | 165078 (0.93%) | 5517361 (0.96%) |
| ky | 164374 (0.93%) | 5199548 (0.90%) | 683 (0.83%) | 18956 (0.97%) | 165057 (0.93%) | 5218504 (0.90%) |
| hr | 163828 (0.93%) | 5183677 (0.90%) | 711 (0.86%) | 33845 (1.73%) | 164539 (0.93%) | 5217522 (0.90%) |
| ps | 163238 (0.93%) | 4735113 (0.82%) | 674 (0.82%) | 18515 (0.95%) | 163912 (0.93%) | 4753628 (0.82%) |
| id | 163187 (0.93%) | 4025079 (0.70%) | 723 (0.88%) | 13371 (0.68%) | 163910 (0.93%) | 4038450 (0.70%) |
| pa | 162180 (0.92%) | 7621059 (1.33%) | 581 (0.71%) | 29036 (1.48%) | 162761 (0.92%) | 7650095 (1.33%) |
| sw | 161777 (0.92%) | 5013161 (0.87%) | 653 (0.79%) | 26493 (1.35%) | 162430 (0.92%) | 5039654 (0.87%) |
| af | 160455 (0.91%) | 4676798 (0.81%) | 932 (1.13%) | 27369 (1.40%) | 161387 (0.91%) | 4704167 (0.82%) |
| jv | 156292 (0.89%) | 4752381 (0.83%) | 576 (0.70%) | 22573 (1.15%) | 156868 (0.89%) | 4774954 (0.83%) |
| tt | 154833 (0.88%) | 5165763 (0.90%) | 578 (0.70%) | 7298 (0.37%) | 155411 (0.88%) | 5173061 (0.90%) |
| cy | 153551 (0.87%) | 5656404 (0.98%) | 653 (0.79%) | 29503 (1.51%) | 154204 (0.87%) | 5685907 (0.99%) |
| ga | 150458 (0.86%) | 5488243 (0.95%) | 680 (0.83%) | 33471 (1.71%) | 151138 (0.86%) | 5521714 (0.96%) |
| kn | 150184 (0.85%) | 14992479 (2.61%) | 697 (0.85%) | 49288 (2.52%) | 150881 (0.85%) | 15041767 (2.61%) |
| bs | 150037 (0.85%) | 4582900 (0.80%) | 649 (0.79%) | 25588 (1.31%) | 150686 (0.85%) | 4608488 (0.80%) |
| ca | 149401 (0.85%) | 5477662 (0.95%) | 629 (0.76%) | 21391 (1.09%) | 150030 (0.85%) | 5499053 (0.95%) |
| ne | 148716 (0.85%) | 4855198 (0.84%) | 535 (0.65%) | 16246 (0.83%) | 149251 (0.84%) | 4871444 (0.84%) |
| ku | 147702 (0.84%) | 4973601 (0.87%) | 574 (0.70%) | 28196 (1.44%) | 148276 (0.84%) | 5001797 (0.87%) |
| gl | 147011 (0.84%) | 4554907 (0.79%) | 658 (0.80%) | 20127 (1.03%) | 147669 (0.84%) | 4575034 (0.79%) |
| uz | 145433 (0.83%) | 4704898 (0.82%) | 573 (0.70%) | 21862 (1.12%) | 146006 (0.83%) | 4726760 (0.82%) |
| sl | 144084 (0.82%) | 3851696 (0.67%) | 651 (0.79%) | 18164 (0.93%) | 144735 (0.82%) | 3869860 (0.67%) |
| sv | 143041 (0.81%) | 4006332 (0.70%) | 905 (1.10%) | 7012 (0.36%) | 143946 (0.81%) | 4013344 (0.70%) |
| tg | 136703 (0.78%) | 7664329 (1.33%) | 572 (0.70%) | 34220 (1.75%) | 137275 (0.78%) | 7698549 (1.33%) |
| et | 131007 (0.74%) | 3280590 (0.57%) | 549 (0.67%) | 14021 (0.72%) | 131556 (0.74%) | 3294611 (0.57%) |
| br | 130223 (0.74%) | 4495403 (0.78%) | 546 (0.66%) | 17304 (0.88%) | 130769 (0.74%) | 4512707 (0.78%) |
| lb | 129528 (0.74%) | 4421411 (0.77%) | 495 (0.60%) | 17761 (0.91%) | 130023 (0.74%) | 4439172 (0.77%) |
| su | 129144 (0.73%) | 4215719 (0.73%) | 535 (0.65%) | 21391 (1.09%) | 129679 (0.73%) | 4237110 (0.73%) |
| mt | 128626 (0.73%) | 6671441 (1.16%) | 508 (0.62%) | 26729 (1.36%) | 129134 (0.73%) | 6698170 (1.16%) |
| sq | 119431 (0.68%) | 4107917 (0.71%) | 561 (0.68%) | 18633 (0.95%) | 119992 (0.68%) | 4126550 (0.72%) |
| sr | 117855 (0.67%) | 3160599 (0.55%) | 427 (0.52%) | 3505 (0.18%) | 118282 (0.67%) | 3164104 (0.55%) |
| or | 110709 (0.63%) | 3922431 (0.68%) | 410 (0.50%) | 13094 (0.67%) | 111119 (0.63%) | 3935525 (0.68%) |
| ml | 110085 (0.63%) | 10929013 (1.90%) | 464 (0.56%) | 36922 (1.89%) | 110549 (0.63%) | 10965935 (1.90%) |
| yi | 104494 (0.59%) | 4085563 (0.71%) | 400 (0.49%) | 6005 (0.31%) | 104894 (0.59%) | 4091568 (0.71%) |
| te | 101076 (0.57%) | 9757033 (1.70%) | 430 (0.52%) | 37897 (1.94%) | 101506 (0.57%) | 9794930 (1.70%) |
| ta | 94122 (0.53%) | 7917169 (1.38%) | 386 (0.47%) | 26610 (1.36%) | 94508 (0.53%) | 7943779 (1.38%) |
| mg | 93939 (0.53%) | 3291017 (0.57%) | 391 (0.48%) | 11698 (0.60%) | 94330 (0.53%) | 3302715 (0.57%) |
| si | 92723 (0.53%) | 5275463 (0.92%) | 364 (0.44%) | 18426 (0.94%) | 93087 (0.53%) | 5293889 (0.92%) |
| vi | 74916 (0.43%) | 2535825 (0.44%) | 335 (0.41%) | 3396 (0.17%) | 75251 (0.43%) | 2539221 (0.44%) |
| rm | 74806 (0.43%) | 2826708 (0.49%) | 318 (0.39%) | 12654 (0.65%) | 75124 (0.43%) | 2839362 (0.49%) |
| gu | 70961 (0.40%) | 7859622 (1.37%) | 335 (0.41%) | 28389 (1.45%) | 71296 (0.40%) | 7888011 (1.37%) |
| bo | 69565 (0.40%) | 1378245 (0.24%) | 263 (0.32%) | 5407 (0.28%) | 69828 (0.40%) | 1383652 (0.24%) |
| ug | 64297 (0.37%) | 1427585 (0.25%) | 260 (0.32%) | 4769 (0.24%) | 64557 (0.37%) | 1432354 (0.25%) |
| dv | 60328 (0.34%) | 1557497 (0.27%) | 215 (0.26%) | 5844 (0.30%) | 60543 (0.34%) | 1563341 (0.27%) |
| am | 59339 (0.34%) | 2705311 (0.47%) | 235 (0.29%) | 10768 (0.55%) | 59574 (0.34%) | 2716079 (0.47%) |
| yo | 59246 (0.34%) | 3649130 (0.63%) | 260 (0.32%) | 21157 (1.08%) | 59506 (0.34%) | 3670287 (0.64%) |
| my | 58575 (0.33%) | 2165089 (0.38%) | 214 (0.26%) | 8142 (0.42%) | 58789 (0.33%) | 2173231 (0.38%) |
| km | 57081 (0.32%) | 3056236 (0.53%) | 193 (0.23%) | 10606 (0.54%) | 57274 (0.32%) | 3066842 (0.53%) |
| so | 56160 (0.32%) | 2044409 (0.36%) | 212 (0.26%) | 8847 (0.45%) | 56372 (0.32%) | 2053256 (0.36%) |
| sd | 55359 (0.31%) | 3226018 (0.56%) | 217 (0.26%) | 10847 (0.55%) | 55576 (0.31%) | 3236865 (0.56%) |
| zu | 52465 (0.30%) | 2406841 (0.42%) | 203 (0.25%) | 9751 (0.50%) | 52668 (0.30%) | 2416592 (0.42%) |
| lo | 50641 (0.29%) | 1747495 (0.30%) | 189 (0.23%) | 6221 (0.32%) | 50830 (0.29%) | 1753716 (0.30%) |
| ti | 47785 (0.27%) | 2895617 (0.50%) | 195 (0.24%) | 12699 (0.65%) | 47980 (0.27%) | 2908316 (0.50%) |
| ce | 45014 (0.26%) | 2425219 (0.42%) | 188 (0.23%) | 9950 (0.51%) | 45202 (0.26%) | 2435169 (0.42%) |
| ny | 43552 (0.25%) | 2051132 (0.36%) | 171 (0.21%) | 8286 (0.42%) | 43723 (0.25%) | 2059418 (0.36%) |
| gd | 36623 (0.21%) | 1273243 (0.22%) | 156 (0.19%) | 3615 (0.18%) | 36779 (0.21%) | 1276858 (0.22%) |
| xh | 24432 (0.14%) | 911850 (0.16%) | 93 (0.11%) | 3528 (0.18%) | 24525 (0.14%) | 915378 (0.16%) |
| om | 15372 (0.09%) | 545603 (0.09%) | 77 (0.09%) | 2564 (0.13%) | 15449 (0.09%) | 548167 (0.10%) |
| sco | 8772 (0.05%) | 233030 (0.04%) | 37 (0.04%) | 828 (0.04%) | 8809 (0.05%) | 233858 (0.04%) |
| total | 17593786 (100.00%) | 574735483 (100.00%) | 82270 (100.00%) | 1958217 (100.00%) | 17676056 (100.00%) | 576693700 (100.00%) |
| Training Loss | Epoch | Step | Validation Loss | Precision | Recall | F1 | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0918 | 0.0731 | 2500 | 0.1050 | 0.7984 | 0.8818 | 0.8381 | 0.9735 |
| 0.0717 | 0.1463 | 5000 | 0.0797 | 0.8393 | 0.9041 | 0.8705 | 0.9782 |
| 0.0624 | 0.2194 | 7500 | 0.0762 | 0.8664 | 0.9166 | 0.8908 | 0.9804 |
| 0.0562 | 0.2925 | 10000 | 0.0620 | 0.8758 | 0.9247 | 0.8995 | 0.9830 |
| 0.0516 | 0.3657 | 12500 | 0.0576 | 0.8844 | 0.9298 | 0.9065 | 0.9845 |
| 0.0465 | 0.4388 | 15000 | 0.0543 | 0.8993 | 0.9357 | 0.9172 | 0.9857 |
| 0.0433 | 0.5119 | 17500 | 0.0558 | 0.9005 | 0.9356 | 0.9177 | 0.9856 |
| 0.0411 | 0.5851 | 20000 | 0.0499 | 0.9012 | 0.9385 | 0.9195 | 0.9867 |
| 0.0420 | 0.6582 | 22500 | 0.0460 | 0.9167 | 0.9438 | 0.9300 | 0.9873 |
| 0.0392 | 0.7313 | 25000 | 0.0441 | 0.9149 | 0.9448 | 0.9296 | 0.9878 |
| 0.0386 | 0.8045 | 27500 | 0.0434 | 0.9200 | 0.9476 | 0.9336 | 0.9885 |
| 0.0357 | 0.8776 | 30000 | 0.0422 | 0.9235 | 0.9503 | 0.9367 | 0.9886 |
| 0.0356 | 0.9507 | 32500 | 0.0404 | 0.9272 | 0.9520 | 0.9395 | 0.9890 |
| 0.0261 | 1.0238 | 35000 | 0.0381 | 0.9293 | 0.9529 | 0.9409 | 0.9898 |
| 0.0322 | 1.0970 | 37500 | 0.0371 | 0.9346 | 0.9558 | 0.9451 | 0.9899 |
| 0.0303 | 1.1701 | 40000 | 0.0374 | 0.9375 | 0.9580 | 0.9476 | 0.9903 |
| 0.0276 | 1.2432 | 42500 | 0.0378 | 0.9355 | 0.9566 | 0.9460 | 0.9901 |
| 0.0264 | 1.3164 | 45000 | 0.0353 | 0.9373 | 0.9574 | 0.9472 | 0.9904 |
| 0.0228 | 1.3895 | 47500 | 0.0366 | 0.9398 | 0.9589 | 0.9493 | 0.9903 |
| 0.0234 | 1.4626 | 50000 | 0.0343 | 0.9430 | 0.9602 | 0.9516 | 0.9907 |
| 0.0274 | 1.5358 | 52500 | 0.0339 | 0.9396 | 0.9591 | 0.9492 | 0.9906 |
| 0.0236 | 1.6089 | 55000 | 0.0324 | 0.9438 | 0.9613 | 0.9525 | 0.9913 |
| 0.0244 | 1.6820 | 57500 | 0.0322 | 0.9478 | 0.9624 | 0.9551 | 0.9914 |
| 0.0222 | 1.7552 | 60000 | 0.0323 | 0.9483 | 0.9628 | 0.9555 | 0.9914 |
| 0.0238 | 1.8283 | 62500 | 0.0320 | 0.9480 | 0.9630 | 0.9554 | 0.9913 |
| 0.0223 | 1.9014 | 65000 | 0.0320 | 0.9485 | 0.9637 | 0.9560 | 0.9913 |
| 0.0208 | 1.9746 | 67500 | 0.0306 | 0.9507 | 0.9644 | 0.9575 | 0.9917 |