Ouro-1.4B is a 1.4 billion parameter Looped Language Model (LoopLM) that achieves exceptional parameter efficiency through iterative shared-weight computation.

Key Features

Exceptional Parameter Efficiency: Matches 3-4B standard transformer performance with only 1.4B parameters
Iterative Latent Reasoning: Performs reasoning through recurrent computation in latent space
Adaptive Computation: Supports early exit mechanisms for dynamic compute allocation

Configuration

Recurrent Steps and Adaptive Exit

The model's computational behavior can be configured through the config.json file:

json

{
  "total_ut_steps": 4,
  "early_exit_threshold": 1.0
}

total_ut_steps: Controls the number of recurrent steps (default: 4). You can adjust this value to trade off between performance and computation time.
early_exit_threshold: Controls the adaptive exit mechanism (default: 1.0). Lower values encourage earlier exit, while 1.0 means always use all steps.

Example: Modify recurrent steps

python

from transformers import AutoConfig, AutoModelForCausalLM

config = AutoConfig.from_pretrained("ByteDance/Ouro-1.4B")
config.total_ut_steps = 3  # Use 3 recurrent steps instead of 4
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "ByteDance/Ouro-1.4B",
    config=config,
    device_map="auto"
)

Note: vLLM does not currently support the adaptive exit feature due to its inference optimization characteristics. When using vLLM, the model will always execute the full number of total_ut_steps.

Model Architecture

Ouro-1.4B is based on the decoder-only Transformer architecture with parameter sharing across recurrent steps:

Configuration	Value
Parameters	1.4B
Layers	24
Recurrent Steps	4
Hidden Size	2048
Attention Heads	Multi-Head Attention (MHA)
FFN Activation	SwiGLU
Position Embedding	RoPE
Vocabulary Size	49,152
Context Length	4K (training), extendable to 64K
Normalization	Sandwich RMSNorm

Training Details

Training Tokens: 7.7T tokens
Training Pipeline:
- Stage 1: Pre-training (6T tokens)
- Stage 2: CT Annealing (1.4T tokens)
- Stage 3: Long Context Training (20B tokens)
- Stage 4: Mid-training (300B tokens)
Data Composition: Web data, code, mathematics, long-context documents
Optimizer: AdamW (β₁=0.9, β₂=0.95)
Learning Rate Scheduler: Warmup-Stable-Decay (WSD)

Quick Start

⚠️ IMPORTANT: Please use transformers<4.56.0 to avoid compatibility issues. We recommend transformers==4.54.1 or earlier versions.

python

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model_name = "ByteDance/Ouro-1.4B"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_name,
    device_map="auto",
    torch_dtype="auto"
)

# Generate text
inputs = tokenizer("The future of AI is", return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=100)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))

Acknowledgments

We thank @Antizana for the KV cache fix merged from ouro-cache-fix, which resolved a critical compatibility issue with transformers>=4.56.0.

Citation

bibtex

@article{zhu2025scaling,
  title={Scaling Latent Reasoning via Looped Language Models},
  author={Zhu, Rui-Jie and Wang, Zixuan and Hua, Kai and Zhang, Tianyu and Li, Ziniu and Que, Haoran and Wei, Boyi and Wen, Zixin and Yin, Fan and Xing, He and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.25741},
  year={2025}
}

## License

This model is licensed under Apache-2.0. See the LICENSE file for details.

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