This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from intfloat/multilingual-e5-small. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-small
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 384 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("srikarvar/multilingual-e5-small-pairclass-contrastive")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Language spoken by the most people',
    'What is the most spoken language in the world?',
    'Who was the first person to walk on the moon?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Binary Classification

Dataset: pair-class-dev
Evaluated with BinaryClassificationEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy	0.9459
cosine_accuracy_threshold	0.8864
cosine_f1	0.9512
cosine_f1_threshold	0.8167
cosine_precision	0.907
cosine_recall	1.0
cosine_ap	0.9897
dot_accuracy	0.9459
dot_accuracy_threshold	0.8864
dot_f1	0.9512
dot_f1_threshold	0.8167
dot_precision	0.907
dot_recall	1.0
dot_ap	0.9897
manhattan_accuracy	0.9459
manhattan_accuracy_threshold	7.3039
manhattan_f1	0.9512
manhattan_f1_threshold	9.5429
manhattan_precision	0.907
manhattan_recall	1.0
manhattan_ap	0.9897
euclidean_accuracy	0.9459
euclidean_accuracy_threshold	0.4765
euclidean_f1	0.9512
euclidean_f1_threshold	0.6044
euclidean_precision	0.907
euclidean_recall	1.0
euclidean_ap	0.9897
max_accuracy	0.9459
max_accuracy_threshold	7.3039
max_f1	0.9512
max_f1_threshold	9.5429
max_precision	0.907
max_recall	1.0
max_ap	0.9897

Binary Classification

Dataset: pair-class-test
Evaluated with BinaryClassificationEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy	0.9459
cosine_accuracy_threshold	0.8864
cosine_f1	0.9512
cosine_f1_threshold	0.8167
cosine_precision	0.907
cosine_recall	1.0
cosine_ap	0.9897
dot_accuracy	0.9459
dot_accuracy_threshold	0.8864
dot_f1	0.9512
dot_f1_threshold	0.8167
dot_precision	0.907
dot_recall	1.0
dot_ap	0.9897
manhattan_accuracy	0.9459
manhattan_accuracy_threshold	7.3039
manhattan_f1	0.9512
manhattan_f1_threshold	9.5429
manhattan_precision	0.907
manhattan_recall	1.0
manhattan_ap	0.9897
euclidean_accuracy	0.9459
euclidean_accuracy_threshold	0.4765
euclidean_f1	0.9512
euclidean_f1_threshold	0.6044
euclidean_precision	0.907
euclidean_recall	1.0
euclidean_ap	0.9897
max_accuracy	0.9459
max_accuracy_threshold	7.3039
max_f1	0.9512
max_f1_threshold	9.5429
max_precision	0.907
max_recall	1.0
max_ap	0.9897

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 296 training samples
Columns: label, sentence2, and sentence1
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
label sentence2 sentence1
type int string string
details
0: ~50.68%
1: ~49.32%
min: 4 tokens
mean: 9.39 tokens
max: 20 tokens
min: 6 tokens
mean: 10.24 tokens
max: 20 tokens
Samples:
label sentence2 sentence1
0 How to improve running speed? How to train for a marathon?
0 What is the distance of a marathon? How to train for a marathon?
1 Mona Lisa painter Who painted the Mona Lisa?
Loss: ContrastiveLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "distance_metric": "SiameseDistanceMetric.COSINE_DISTANCE", 3 "margin": 0.5, 4 "size_average": true 5}

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 74 evaluation samples
Columns: label, sentence2, and sentence1
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
label sentence2 sentence1
type int string string
details
0: ~47.30%
1: ~52.70%
min: 5 tokens
mean: 9.18 tokens
max: 22 tokens
min: 7 tokens
mean: 10.15 tokens
max: 20 tokens

Samples:

label	sentence2	sentence1
`1`	`Bitcoin's current value`	`What is the price of Bitcoin?`
`1`	`Who found out about gravity?`	`Who discovered gravity?`
`1`	`Language spoken by the most people`	`What is the most spoken language in the world?`

Loss: ContrastiveLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "distance_metric": "SiameseDistanceMetric.COSINE_DISTANCE", 3 "margin": 0.5, 4 "size_average": true 5}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: epoch
per_device_train_batch_size: 16
per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
learning_rate: 3e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
num_train_epochs: 5
lr_scheduler_type: reduce_lr_on_plateau
warmup_ratio: 0.1
load_best_model_at_end: True
optim: adamw_torch_fused
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: epoch
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 16
per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 2
eval_accumulation_steps: None
learning_rate: 3e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 5
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: reduce_lr_on_plateau
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: True
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	loss	pair-class-dev_max_ap	pair-class-test_max_ap
0	0	-	-	0.6933	-
0.9474	9	-	0.0182	0.9142	-
1.0526	10	0.0311	-	-	-
2.0	19	-	0.0091	0.9730	-
2.1053	20	0.0119	-	-	-
2.9474	28	-	0.0090	0.9878	-
3.1579	30	0.0074	-	-	-
4.0	38	-	0.0084	0.9891	-
4.2105	40	0.005	-	-	-
4.7368	45	-	0.0084	0.9897	0.9897

The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
Transformers: 4.41.2
PyTorch: 2.1.2+cu121
Accelerate: 0.32.1
Datasets: 2.19.1
Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

ContrastiveLoss

bibtex

@inproceedings{hadsell2006dimensionality,
    author={Hadsell, R. and Chopra, S. and LeCun, Y.},
    booktitle={2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'06)}, 
    title={Dimensionality Reduction by Learning an Invariant Mapping}, 
    year={2006},
    volume={2},
    number={},
    pages={1735-1742},
    doi={10.1109/CVPR.2006.100}
}

	label	sentence2	sentence1
type	int	string	string
details	0: ~50.68% 1: ~49.32%	min: 4 tokens mean: 9.39 tokens max: 20 tokens	min: 6 tokens mean: 10.24 tokens max: 20 tokens

label	sentence2	sentence1
`0`	`How to improve running speed?`	`How to train for a marathon?`
`0`	`What is the distance of a marathon?`	`How to train for a marathon?`
`1`	`Mona Lisa painter`	`Who painted the Mona Lisa?`