ELAM (Evaluative Large Action Model) is a Molmo 7B-D-based LAM (Large Action Model) that is also able to evaluate user expectations on screenshots of user interfaces. It was specifically fine-tuned on 17,708 instructions and evaluations for 6,230 automotive UI images. The images contained German and English text. All training prompts were English. German content was either translated or quoted directly.

The evaluation dataset AutomotiveUI-Bench-4K is available on Hugging Face.

Results

AutomotiveUI-Bench-4K

Model	Test Action Grounding	Expected Result Grounding	Expected Result Evaluation
InternVL2.5-8B	26.6	5.7	64.8
TinyClick	61.0	54.6	-
UGround-V1-7B (Qwen2-VL)	69.4	55.0	-
Molmo-7B-D-0924	71.3	71.4	66.9
LAM-270M (TinyClick)	73.9	59.9	-
ELAM-7B (Molmo)	87.6	77.5	78.2

Quick-Start

conda create -n elam python=3.10 -y
conda activate elam
pip install datasets==3.5.0 einops==0.8.1 torchvision==0.20.1 accelerate==1.6.0
pip install transformers==4.48.2

python

import re

import torch
from PIL import Image
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoProcessor, GenerationConfig

# Load processor
model_name = "sparks-solutions/ELAM-7B"
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name, trust_remote_code=True, torch_dtype="bfloat16", device_map="auto")

# Load model
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_name, trust_remote_code=True, torch_dtype="bfloat16", device_map="auto"
)


def preprocess_elam_prompt(user_request: str, label_class: str):
    """Apply ELAM prompt template depending on class."""
    if label_class == "Expected Result":
        return f"Evaluate this statement about the image:\n'{user_request}'\nThink step by step, conclude whether the evaluation is 'PASSED' or 'FAILED' and point to the UI element that corresponds to this evaluation."
    elif label_class == "Test Action":
        return f"Identify and point to the UI element that corresponds to this test action:\n{user_request}"


def postprocess_response_elam(response: str):
    """Parse Molmo-style point coordinates from string and return tuple of floats in [0-1]."""
    pattern = r'<point x="(?P<x>\d+\.\d+)" y="(?P<y>\d+\.\d+)"'
    match = re.search(pattern, response)
    if match:
        x_coord_raw = float(match.group("x"))
        y_coord_raw = float(match.group("y"))
        x_coord = x_coord_raw / 100
        y_coord = y_coord_raw / 100
        return [x_coord, y_coord]
    else:
        return [-1, -1]

Two prompt types were fine-tuned for UI testing:

Test Action: These prompts take an instruction (e.g., "tap music not in bottom navigation bar") and return the corresponding tap coordinates.
Expected Results: These prompts take an expectation (e.g., "notification toggle switch is disabled") and return "PASSED" or "FAILED" along with coordinates of the relevant UI element.

python

image_path = "path/to/your/ui/image"
user_request = "Tap home button"  # or "The home icon is white"
request_type = "Test Action"  # or "Expected Result"


image = Image.open(image_path)

elam_prompt = preprocess_elam_prompt(user_request, request_type)

inputs = processor.process(
    images=[image],
    text=elam_prompt,
)

# Move inputs to the correct device and make a batch of size 1, cast to bfloat16
inputs_bfloat16 = {}
for k, v in inputs.items():
    if v.dtype == torch.float32:
        inputs_bfloat16[k] = v.to(model.device).to(torch.bfloat16).unsqueeze(0)
    else:
        inputs_bfloat16[k] = v.to(model.device).unsqueeze(0)

inputs = inputs_bfloat16  # Replace original inputs with the correctly typed inputs

# Generate output
output = model.generate_from_batch(
    inputs, GenerationConfig(max_new_tokens=2048, stop_strings="<|endoftext|>"), tokenizer=processor.tokenizer
)

# Only get generated tokens; decode them to text
generated_tokens = output[0, inputs["input_ids"].size(1) :]
response = processor.tokenizer.decode(generated_tokens, skip_special_tokens=True)
coordinates = postprocess_response_elam(response)

# Print outputs
print(f"ELAM response: {response}")
print(f"Got coordinates: {coordinates}")

Citation

If you find ELAM useful in your research, please cite the following paper:

latex

@misc{ernhofer2025leveragingvisionlanguagemodelsvisual,
      title={Leveraging Vision-Language Models for Visual Grounding and Analysis of Automotive UI}, 
      author={Benjamin Raphael Ernhofer and Daniil Prokhorov and Jannica Langner and Dominik Bollmann},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2505.05895},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.05895}, 
}

Acknowledgements

Funding

This work was supported by German BMBF within the scope of project "KI4BoardNet".

Models and Code

ELAM is based on Molmo by Allen Institute for AI.
Training was conducted using ms-swift by ModelScope.