This is a sentence-transformers model trained on the klue/klue dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer

Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
Training Dataset:
- klue/klue
Language: ko

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("snunlp/KR-SBERT-Medium-extended-klueNLItriplet_PARpair_QApair-klueSTS")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'SR은 동대구·김천구미·신경주역에서 승하차하는 모든 국민에게 운임 10%를 할인해 준다.',
    'SR은 동대구역, 김천구미역, 신주역을 오가는 모든 승객을 대상으로 요금을 10% 할인해 드립니다.',
    '수강신청 하는 날짜가 어느 날짜인지 아시는지요?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Semantic Similarity

Dataset: sts-dev
Evaluated with EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator

Metric	Value
pearson_cosine	0.8786
spearman_cosine	0.8765
pearson_manhattan	0.8589
spearman_manhattan	0.8582
pearson_euclidean	0.8595
spearman_euclidean	0.8597
pearson_dot	0.8518
spearman_dot	0.8479
pearson_max	0.8786
spearman_max	0.8765

Training Details

Training Dataset

klue/klue

Dataset: klue/klue at 349481e
Size: 11,668 training samples
Columns: sentence1, sentence2, and label
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
sentence1 sentence2 label
type string string float
details
min: 7 tokens
mean: 18.12 tokens
max: 56 tokens
min: 6 tokens
mean: 17.58 tokens
max: 60 tokens
min: 0.0
mean: 0.44
max: 1.0

Samples:

sentence1	sentence2	label
`숙소 위치는 찾기 쉽고 일반적인 한국의 반지하 숙소입니다.`	`숙박시설의 위치는 쉽게 찾을 수 있고 한국의 대표적인 반지하 숙박시설입니다.`	`0.7428571428571428`
`위반행위 조사 등을 거부·방해·기피한 자는 500만원 이하 과태료 부과 대상이다.`	`시민들 스스로 자발적인 예방 노력을 한 것은 아산 뿐만이 아니었다.`	`0.0`
`회사가 보낸 메일은 이 지메일이 아니라 다른 지메일 계정으로 전달해줘.`	`사람들이 주로 네이버 메일을 쓰는 이유를 알려줘`	`0.06666666666666667`

Loss: CosineSimilarityLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss" 3}

Evaluation Dataset

klue/klue

Dataset: klue/klue at 349481e
Size: 519 evaluation samples
Columns: sentence1, sentence2, and label
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
sentence1 sentence2 label
type string string float
details
min: 7 tokens
mean: 18.16 tokens
max: 55 tokens
min: 7 tokens
mean: 17.69 tokens
max: 58 tokens
min: 0.0
mean: 0.5
max: 1.0

Samples:

sentence1	sentence2	label
`무엇보다도 호스트분들이 너무 친절하셨습니다.`	`무엇보다도, 호스트들은 매우 친절했습니다.`	`0.9714285714285713`
`주요 관광지 모두 걸어서 이동가능합니다.`	`위치는 피렌체 중심가까지 걸어서 이동 가능합니다.`	`0.2857142857142858`
`학생들의 균형 있는 영어능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 학교 수업을 유도하기 위해 2018학년도 수능부터 도입된 영어 영역 절대평가는 올해도 유지한다.`	`영어 영역의 경우 학생들이 한글 해석본을 암기하는 문제를 해소하기 위해 2016학년도부터 적용했던 EBS 연계 방식을 올해도 유지한다.`	`0.25714285714285723`

Loss: CosineSimilarityLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss" 3}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 64
per_device_eval_batch_size: 64
num_train_epochs: 30
warmup_ratio: 0.1
fp16: True

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 64
per_device_eval_batch_size: 64
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
learning_rate: 5e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 30
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: True
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	loss	sts-dev_spearman_cosine
0	0	-	-	0.7123
0.0109	1	0.0255	-	-
0.5435	50	0.0225	0.0336	0.7961
1.0870	100	0.0159	0.0288	0.8299
1.6304	150	0.012	0.0258	0.8499
2.1739	200	0.0098	0.0238	0.8651
2.7174	250	0.0069	0.0233	0.8700
3.2609	300	0.0056	0.0241	0.8682
3.8043	350	0.0043	0.0231	0.8715
4.3478	400	0.0043	0.0261	0.8680
4.8913	450	0.0039	0.0239	0.8743
5.4348	500	0.0037	0.0247	0.8726
5.9783	550	0.0034	0.0231	0.8762
6.5217	600	0.003	0.0238	0.8746
7.0652	650	0.003	0.0246	0.8712
7.6087	700	0.0028	0.0240	0.8765

Framework Versions

Python: 3.11.9
Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
Transformers: 4.41.2
PyTorch: 2.3.1
Accelerate: 0.31.0
Datasets: 2.19.2
Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

	sentence1	sentence2	label
type	string	string	float
details	min: 7 tokens mean: 18.12 tokens max: 56 tokens	min: 6 tokens mean: 17.58 tokens max: 60 tokens	min: 0.0 mean: 0.44 max: 1.0