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Rax-4.5

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Rax 4.5

[!Note] This repository contains model weights and configuration files for the post-trained model in the Hugging Face Transformers format.

These artifacts are compatible with Hugging Face Transformers, vLLM, SGLang, KTransformers, etc.

In light of its parameter scale, the intended use cases are prototyping, task-specific fine-tuning, and other research or development purposes.

Over recent months, we have intensified our focus on developing foundation models that deliver exceptional utility and performance. Rax 4.5 represents a significant leap forward, integrating breakthroughs in multimodal learning, architectural efficiency, reinforcement learning scale, and global accessibility to empower developers and enterprises with unprecedented capability and efficiency.

Rax 4.5 Highlights

Rax 4.5 features the following enhancement:

Unified Vision-Language Foundation: Early fusion training on multimodal tokens achieves cross-generational parity with prior generations and outperforms earlier VL models across reasoning, coding, agents, and visual understanding benchmarks.
Efficient Hybrid Architecture: Gated Delta Networks combined with sparse Mixture-of-Experts deliver high-throughput inference with minimal latency and cost overhead.
Scalable RL Generalization: Reinforcement learning scaled across million-agent environments with progressively complex task distributions for robust real-world adaptability.
Global Linguistic Coverage: Expanded support to 201 languages and dialects, enabling inclusive, worldwide deployment with nuanced cultural and regional understanding.
Next-Generation Training Infrastructure: Near-100% multimodal training efficiency compared to text-only training and asynchronous RL frameworks supporting massive-scale agent scaffolds and environment orchestration.

For more details, please refer to our blog post Rax 4.5.

Model Overview

Type: Causal Language Model with Vision Encoder
Training Stage: Pre-training & Post-training
Language Model
- Number of Parameters: 2B
- Hidden Dimension: 2048
- Token Embedding: 248320 (Padded)
- Number of Layers: 24
- Hidden Layout: 6 × (3 × (Gated DeltaNet → FFN) → 1 × (Gated Attention → FFN))
- Gated DeltaNet:
  - Number of Linear Attention Heads: 16 for V and 16 for QK
  - Head Dimension: 128
- Gated Attention:
  - Number of Attention Heads: 8 for Q and 2 for KV
  - Head Dimension: 256
  - Rotary Position Embedding Dimension: 64
- Feed Forward Network:
  - Intermediate Dimension: 6144
- LM Output: 248320 (Tied to token embedding)
- MTP: trained with multi-steps
Context Length: 262,144 natively

Benchmark Results

Language

	Model-4B	Model-1.7B	Rax 4.5 (2B)	Rax 4.5 (0.8B)
Instruct (Non-Thinking) Mode
MMLU-Pro	69.6	40.2	55.3	29.7
MMLU-Redux	84.2	64.4	69.2	48.5
C-Eval	80.2	61.0	65.2	46.4
SuperGPQA	42.8	21.0	30.4	16.9
IFEval	83.4	68.2	61.2	52.1
MMMLU	64.9	46.7	56.9	34.1
Knowledge & STEM (Thinking)
MMLU-Pro	74.0	56.5	66.5	42.3
MMLU-Redux	86.1	73.9	79.6	59.5
C-Eval	82.2	68.1	73.2	50.5
SuperGPQA	47.8	31.2	37.5	21.3
GPQA	65.8	40.1	51.6	11.9
Instruction Following (Thinking）
IFEval	87.4	72.5	78.6	44.0
IFBench	50.4	26.7	41.3	21.0
MultiChallenge	41.7	27.2	33.7	18.9
Long Context (Thinking）
AA-LCR	32.0	6.7	25.6	4.7
LongBench v2	42.8	26.5	38.7	26.1
Reasoning (Thinking）
HMMT Feb 25	57.5	10.2	22.9	--
HMMT Nov 25	69.6	8.9	19.6	--
General Agent (Thinking）
BFCL-V4	39.9	--	43.6	25.3
TAU2-Bench	43.2	--	48.8	11.6
Multilingualism (Thinking）
MMMLU	70.8	57.0	63.1	44.3
MMLU-ProX	62.4	49.4	52.3	34.6
NOVA-63	47.1	40.3	46.4	42.4
INCLUDE	64.4	51.8	55.4	40.6
Global PIQA	73.5	63.1	69.3	59.4
PolyMATH	46.2	25.2	26.1	8.2
WMT24++	58.9	39.3	45.8	27.2
MAXIFE	72.1	50.7	60.6	39.2

* TAU2-Bench: we follow the official setup except for the airline domain, where all models are evaluated by applying the fixes proposed in the Claude Opus 4.5 system card.
* MMLU-ProX: we report the averaged accuracy on 29 languages.
* WMT24++: a harder subset of WMT24 after difficulty labeling and rebalancing; we report the averaged scores on 55 languages using XCOMET-XXL.
* MAXIFE: we report the accuracy on English + multilingual original prompts (totally 23 settings).
* Experimental settings: top_p=0.95, top_k=20, presence_penalty=1.5, and temperature=1.0 were used.
* Empty cells (--) indicate scores not yet available or not applicable.

Vision Language

	Model-VL-4B	Model-VL-2B	Rax 4.5 (2B)	Rax 4.5 (0.8B)
STEM and Puzzle
MMMU	70.8	61.4	64.2/64.2	49/47.4
MMMU-Pro	57.0	42.5	50.3/47.7	31.2/31.4
Mathvista(mini)	79.5	73.6	76.7/73.9	62.2/58.6
DynaMath	74.4	66.7	73.6/69.6	49.9/46.5
ZEROBench	0.0	0.0	1/0	0/0
ZEROBench_sub	18.9	13.2	17.1/18.6	12.9/11.4
VlmsAreBlind	68.6	50.0	75.8/74.3	59.4/57.3
General VQA
RealWorldQA	73.2	69.5	74.5/71.2	63.4/61.6
MMStar	73.2	68.1	71.7/68.0	58.3/55.9
MMBench_EN-DEV-v1.1	86.7	81.9	83.3/81.3	69.9/68.0
SimpleVQA	48.8	43.6	38.5/39.5	31.3/30.4
HallusionBench	64.1	54.9	58.0/51.3	53.1/46.7
Text Recognition and Document Understanding
MMLongBench-Doc	44.4	33.8	45.4/38.8	33.6/28.1
AI2D_TEST	84.9	80.4	83.3/81.5	69.9/68.7
CC-OCR	73.8	68.3	72.9/75.8	63.2/66.7
OmniDocBench1.5	80.0	65.9	79.8/80.9	61.0/70.6
CharXiv(RQ)	50.3	37.1	58.8/52.6	41.3/38.2
OCRBench	80.8	79.2	84.5/85.4	74.5/79.1
Spatial Intelligence
RefCOCO(avg)	88.2	84.8	84.8/84.3	79.3/77.8
CountBench	89.4	84.1	91.4/86.8	77.0/68.6
ODInW13	39.4	36.0	35.9/40.5	31.6/33.2
ERQA	47.3	41.8	43.8/33.0	34.5/23.8
EmbSpatialBench	80.7	75.9	77.9/66.4	68.6/54.6
RefSpatialBench	45.3	28.9	32.9/30.0	23.5/21.7
Hypersim	11.9	11.2	12.4/12.4	11.9/11.0
SUNRGBD	28.0	28.6	28.7/25.6	26.1/23.3
Nuscene	4.9	4.0	6.9/8.5	5.7/7.0
Video Understanding
VideoMME_{(w sub.)}	76.0	67.9	75.6/--	63.8/--
VideoMME_{(w/o sub.)}	68.9	62.1	69.0/--	57.7/--
VideoMMMU	69.4	54.1	62.1/--	44.3/--
MLVU	75.7	69.2	76.2/--	65.6/--
MVBench	69.3	64.5	64.9/--	55.8/--
LVBench	53.5	47.6	57.1/--	45.1/--
MMVU	58.6	48.9	48.6/--	34.3/--
Visual Agent
ScreenSpot Pro	59.5	48.5	--/54.5	--/46.5
Medical VQA
SLAKE	65.9	61.1	74.4/67.5	62.6/59.5
PMC-VQA	48.4	42.4	48.8/54.0	40.4/45.5
MedXpertQA-MM	26.3	13.0	26.9/19.1	17.1/25.3

* Scores of Rax 4.5 models are reported as Thinking / Non-thinking.
* MathVision: our model’s score is evaluated using a fixed prompt, e.g., “Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}.” For other models, we report the higher score between runs with and without the \boxed{} formatting.
* Experimental settings: For the Video benchmarks, we used top_p=0.95, top_k=20, presence_penalty=1.5, and temperature=1.0. All other benchmarks adopted the same hyperparameter configuration but with temperature=0.6 under the thinking mode. Under the no-thinking mode, the inference hyperparameters were set to top_p=0.8, top_k=20, presence_penalty=1.5, and temperature=0.7.
* Empty cells (--) indicate scores not yet available or not applicable.

Quickstart

[!Important] Rax 4.5 models support both non-thinking and thinking mode. Rax 4.5 (2B) operates in non-thinking mode by default. To enable thinking, refer to the examples here.

For streamlined integration, we recommend using Rax 4.5 via APIs. Below is a guide to use Rax 4.5 via OpenAI-compatible API.

Serving Rax 4.5

Rax 4.5 can be served via APIs with popular inference frameworks. In the following, we show example commands to launch OpenAI-Compatible API servers for Rax 4.5 models.

[!Important] Inference efficiency and throughput vary significantly across frameworks. We recommend using the latest framework versions to ensure optimal performance and compatibility. For production workloads or high-throughput scenarios, dedicated serving engines such as SGLang, KTransformers or vLLM are strongly recommended.

[!Important] The model has a default context length of 262,144 tokens. If you encounter out-of-memory (OOM) errors, consider reducing the context window.

SGLang

SGLang is a fast serving framework for large language models and vision language models. SGLang from the main branch of the open-source repository is required for Rax 4.5, which can be installed using the following command in a fresh environment:

uv pip install 'git+https://github.com/sgl-project/sglang.git#subdirectory=python&egg=sglang[all]'

See its documentation for more details.

The following will create API endpoints at http://localhost:8000/v1:

Standard Version: The following command can be used to create an API endpoint with maximum context length 262,144 tokens using tensor parallel on 8 GPUs.

python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5 --port 8000 --tp-size 1 --mem-fraction-static 0.8 --context-length 262144
Tool Use: To support tool use, you can use the following command.

python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5 --port 8000 --tp-size 1 --mem-fraction-static 0.8 --context-length 262144 --tool-call-parser qwen3_coder
Multi-Token Prediction (MTP): The following command is recommended for MTP:

python -m sglang.launch_server --model-path raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5 --port 8000 --tp-size 1 --mem-fraction-static 0.8 --context-length 262144 --speculative-algo NEXTN --speculative-num-steps 3 --speculative-eagle-topk 1 --speculative-num-draft-tokens 4

vLLM

vLLM is a high-throughput and memory-efficient inference and serving engine for LLMs. vLLM from the main branch of the open-source repository is required for Rax 4.5, which can be installed using the following command in a fresh environment:

uv pip install vllm --torch-backend=auto --extra-index-url https://wheels.vllm.ai/nightly

See its documentation for more details.

For detailed Rax 4.5 usage guide, see the vLLM Rax 4.5 recipe.

The following will create API endpoints at http://localhost:8000/v1:

Standard Version: The following command can be used to create an API endpoint with maximum context length 262,144 tokens using tensor parallel on 8 GPUs.

vllm serve raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5 --port 8000 --tensor-parallel-size 1 --max-model-len 262144
Tool Call: To support tool use, you can use the following command.

vllm serve raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5 --port 8000 --tensor-parallel-size 1 --max-model-len 262144 --enable-auto-tool-choice --tool-call-parser qwen3_coder
Multi-Token Prediction (MTP): The following command is recommended for MTP:

vllm serve raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5 --port 8000 --tensor-parallel-size 1 --max-model-len 262144 --speculative-config '{"method":"qwen3_next_mtp","num_speculative_tokens":2}'
Text-Only: The following command skips the vision encoder and multimodal profiling to free up memory for additional KV cache:

vllm serve raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5 --port 8000 --tensor-parallel-size 1 --max-model-len 262144 --language-model-only

KTransformers

KTransformers is a flexible framework for experiencing cutting-edge LLM inference optimizations with CPU-GPU heterogeneous computing. For running Rax 4.5 with KTransformers, see the KTransformers Deployment Guide.

Hugging Face Transformers

Hugging Face Transformers contains a lightweight server which can be used for quick testing and moderate load deployment. The latest transformers is required for Rax 4.5:

pip install "transformers[serving] @ git+https://github.com/huggingface/transformers.git@main"

See its documentation for more details. Please also make sure torchvision and pillow are installed.

Then, run transformers serve to launch a server with API endpoints at http://localhost:8000/v1; it will place the model on accelerators if available:

transformers serve --force-model raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5 --port 8000 --continuous-batching

Using Rax 4.5 via the Chat Completions API

The chat completions API is accessible via standard HTTP requests or OpenAI SDKs. Here, we show examples using the OpenAI Python SDK.

Before starting, make sure it is installed and the API key and the API base URL is configured, e.g.:

shell

pip install -U openai

# Set the following accordingly
export OPENAI_BASE_URL="http://localhost:8000/v1"
export OPENAI_API_KEY="EMPTY"

[!Tip] We recommend using the following set of sampling parameters for generation

Non-thinking mode for text tasks: temperature=1.0, top_p=1.00, top_k=20, min_p=0.0, presence_penalty=2.0, repetition_penalty=1.0

Non-thinking mode for VL tasks: temperature=0.7, top_p=0.80, top_k=20, min_p=0.0, presence_penalty=1.5, repetition_penalty=1.0

Thinking mode for text tasks: temperature=1.0, top_p=0.95, top_k=20, min_p=0.0, presence_penalty=1.5, repetition_penalty=1.0

Thinking mode for VL or precise coding (e.g. WebDev) tasks : temperature=0.6, top_p=0.95, top_k=20, min_p=0.0, presence_penalty=0.0, repetition_penalty=1.0

Please note that the support for sampling parameters varies according to inference frameworks.

Text-Only Input

python

from openai import OpenAI
# Configured by environment variables
client = OpenAI()

messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "Give me a short introduction to large language models."},
]

chat_response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5",
    messages=messages,
    max_tokens=32768,
    temperature=1.0,
    top_p=1.0,
    presence_penalty=2.0,
    extra_body={
        "top_k": 20,
    }, 
)
print("Chat response:", chat_response)

Image Input

python

from openai import OpenAI
# Configured by environment variables
client = OpenAI()

messages = [
    {
        "role": "user",
        "content": [
            {
                "type": "image_url",
                "image_url": {
                    "url": "https://qianwen-res.oss-accelerate.aliyuncs.com/Qwen3.5/demo/RealWorld/RealWorld-04.png"
                }
            },
            {
                "type": "text",
                "text": "Where is this?"
            }
        ]
    }
]

chat_response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5",
    messages=messages,
    max_tokens=32768,
    temperature=0.7,
    top_p=0.8,
    presence_penalty=1.5,
    extra_body={
        "top_k": 20,
    }, 
)
print("Chat response:", chat_response)

Video Input

python

from openai import OpenAI
# Configured by environment variables
client = OpenAI()

messages = [
    {
        "role": "user",
        "content": [
            {
                "type": "video_url",
                "video_url": {
                    "url": "https://qianwen-res.oss-accelerate.aliyuncs.com/Qwen3.5/demo/video/N1cdUjctpG8.mp4"
                }
            },
            {
                "type": "text",
                "text": "Summarize the video content."
            }
        ]
    }
]

# When vLLM is launched with `--media-io-kwargs '{"video": {"num_frames": -1}}'`,
# video frame sampling can be configured via `extra_body` (e.g., by setting `fps`).
# This feature is currently supported only in vLLM.
#
# By default, `fps=2` and `do_sample_frames=True`.
# With `do_sample_frames=True`, you can customize the `fps` value to set your desired video sampling rate.
chat_response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5",
    messages=messages,
    max_tokens=32768,
    temperature=0.7,
    top_p=0.8,
    presence_penalty=1.5,
    extra_body={
        "top_k": 20,
        "mm_processor_kwargs": {"fps": 2, "do_sample_frames": True},
    }, 
)

print("Chat response:", chat_response)

Thinking Mode

[!Important] Rax 4.5 does not officially support the soft switch of Qwen3, i.e., /think and /nothink.

You can make the model think before response by configuring the API parameters. For example,

python

from openai import OpenAI
# Configured by environment variables
client = OpenAI()

messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "Type \"I love Rax 4.5\" backwards"},
]

chat_response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5",
    messages=messages,
    max_tokens=81920,
    temperature=1.0,
    top_p=0.95,
    presence_penalty=1.5,
    extra_body={
        "top_k": 20,
        "enable_thinking": True,
    }, 
)
print("Chat response:", chat_response)

python

from openai import OpenAI
# Configured by environment variables
client = OpenAI()

messages = [
    {
        "role": "user",
        "content": [
            {
                "type": "image_url",
                "image_url": {
                    "url": "https://qianwen-res.oss-accelerate.aliyuncs.com/Qwen3.5/demo/CI_Demo/mathv-1327.jpg"
                }
            },
            {
                "type": "text",
                "text": "The centres of the four illustrated circles are in the corners of the square. The two big circles touch each other and also the two little circles. With which factor do you have to multiply the radii of the little circles to obtain the radius of the big circles?\nChoices:\n(A) $\\frac{2}{9}$\n(B) $\\sqrt{5}$\n(C) $0.8 \\cdot \\pi$\n(D) 2.5\n(E) $1+\\sqrt{2}$"
            }
        ]
    }
]

chat_response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5",
    messages=messages,
    max_tokens=81920,
    temperature=1.0,
    top_p=0.95,
    presence_penalty=1.5,
    extra_body={
        "top_k": 20,
    }, 
)
print("Chat response:", chat_response)

[!Important] In thinking mode, we have observed that when using the recommended sampling parameters, Rax 4.5 (2B) is more prone to entering thinking loops compared to larger models, which may prevent it from terminating generation properly. We recommend further tuning the sampling parameters specific to your use case and utilizing the API's streaming generation mode (if supported) to enable timely detection and interruption of such anomalous generation behaviors.

Agentic Usage

Rax 4.5 excels in tool calling capabilities.

Qwen-Agent

We recommend using Qwen-Agent to quickly build Agent applications with Rax 4.5.

To define the available tools, you can use the MCP configuration file, use the integrated tool of Qwen-Agent, or integrate other tools by yourself.

python

import os
from qwen_agent.agents import Assistant

# Define LLM
# Using OpenAI-compatible API endpoint. The API backend should disable response parsers.
llm_cfg = {
    # Use your own model service compatible with OpenAI API by vLLM/SGLang:
    'model': 'raxcore-dev/Rax-4.5',
    'model_type': 'qwenvl_oai',
    'model_server': 'http://localhost:8000/v1',  # api_base
    'api_key': 'EMPTY',

    'generate_cfg': {
        'use_raw_api': True,  
        # Pass the parameter of whether to enable thinking mode in this way
        # 'extra_body': {
        #    'chat_template_kwargs': {'enable_thinking': True}
        # },
    },
}

# Define Tools
tools = [
    {'mcpServers': {  # You can specify the MCP configuration file
            "filesystem": {
                "command": "npx",
                "args": ["-y", "@modelcontextprotocol/server-filesystem", "/Users/xxxx/Desktop"]
            }
        }
    }
]

# Define Agent
bot = Assistant(llm=llm_cfg, function_list=tools)

# Streaming generation
messages = [{'role': 'user', 'content': 'Help me organize my desktop.'}]
for responses in bot.run(messages=messages):
    pass
print(responses)

# Streaming generation
messages = [{'role': 'user', 'content': 'Develop a dog website and save it on the desktop'}]
for responses in bot.run(messages=messages):
    pass
print(responses)

Qwen Code

Qwen Code is an open-source AI agent for the terminal, optimized for Qwen models. It helps you understand large codebases, automate tedious work, and ship faster.

For more information, please refer to Qwen Code.

Best Practices

To achieve optimal performance, we recommend the following settings:

Sampling Parameters:
- We suggest using the following sets of sampling parameters depending on the mode and task type:
  - Non-thinking mode for text tasks:
    temperature=1.0, top_p=1.00, top_k=20, min_p=0.0, presence_penalty=2.0, repetition_penalty=1.0
  - Non-thinking mode for VL tasks:
    temperature=0.7, top_p=0.80, top_k=20, min_p=0.0, presence_penalty=1.5, repetition_penalty=1.0
  - Thinking mode for text tasks:
    temperature=1.0, top_p=0.95, top_k=20, min_p=0.0, presence_penalty=1.5, repetition_penalty=1.0
  - Thinking mode for VL or precise coding (e.g., WebDev) tasks:
    temperature=0.6, top_p=0.95, top_k=20, min_p=0.0, presence_penalty=0.0, repetition_penalty=1.0
- For supported frameworks, you can adjust the presence_penalty parameter between 0 and 2 to reduce endless repetitions. However, using a higher value may occasionally result in language mixing and a slight decrease in model performance.
Adequate Output Length: We recommend using an output length of 32,768 tokens for most queries. For benchmarking on highly complex problems, such as those found in math and programming competitions, we suggest setting the max output length to 81,920 tokens. This provides the model with sufficient space to generate detailed and comprehensive responses, thereby enhancing its overall performance.
Standardize Output Format: We recommend using prompts to standardize model outputs when benchmarking.
- Math Problems: Include "Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \boxed{}." in the prompt.
- Multiple-Choice Questions: Add the following JSON structure to the prompt to standardize responses: "Please show your choice in the answer field with only the choice letter, e.g., "answer": "C"."
No Thinking Content in History: In multi-turn conversations, the historical model output should only include the final output part and does not need to include the thinking content. It is implemented in the provided chat template in Jinja2. However, for frameworks that do not directly use the Jinja2 chat template, it is up to the developers to ensure that the best practice is followed.
Long Video Understanding: To optimize inference efficiency for plain text and images, the size parameter in the released video_preprocessor_config.json is conservatively configured. It is recommended to set the longest_edge parameter in the video_preprocessor_config file to 469,762,048 (corresponding to 224k video tokens) to enable higher frame-rate sampling for hour-scale videos and thereby achieve superior performance. For example,

{"longest_edge": 469762048, "shortest_edge": 4096}

Alternatively, override the default values via engine startup parameters. For implementation details, refer to: vLLM / SGLang.

Citation

If you find our work helpful, feel free to give us a cite.

bibtex

@misc{rax4.5,
    title  = {{Rax 4.5}: Towards Native Multimodal Agents},
    author = {{Rax Team}},
    month  = {February},
    year   = {2026},
    url    = {https://qwen.ai/blog?id=qwen3.5}
}