GGUF is a new format introduced by the llama.cpp team on August 21st 2023. It is a replacement for GGML, which is no longer supported by llama.cpp.
Here is an incomplete list of clients and libraries that are known to support GGUF:
llama.cpp. The source project for GGUF. Offers a CLI and a server option.
text-generation-webui, the most widely used web UI, with many features and powerful extensions. Supports GPU acceleration.
KoboldCpp, a fully featured web UI, with GPU accel across all platforms and GPU architectures. Especially good for story telling.
GPT4All, a free and open source local running GUI, supporting Windows, Linux and macOS with full GPU accel.
LM Studio, an easy-to-use and powerful local GUI for Windows and macOS (Silicon), with GPU acceleration. Linux available, in beta as of 27/11/2023.
LoLLMS Web UI, a great web UI with many interesting and unique features, including a full model library for easy model selection.
Faraday.dev, an attractive and easy to use character-based chat GUI for Windows and macOS (both Silicon and Intel), with GPU acceleration.
llama-cpp-python, a Python library with GPU accel, LangChain support, and OpenAI-compatible API server.
candle, a Rust ML framework with a focus on performance, including GPU support, and ease of use.
ctransformers, a Python library with GPU accel, LangChain support, and OpenAI-compatible AI server. Note, as of time of writing (November 27th 2023), ctransformers has not been updated in a long time and does not support many recent models.
These quantised GGUFv2 files are compatible with llama.cpp from August 27th onwards, as of commit d0cee0d
They are also compatible with many third party UIs and libraries - please see the list at the top of this README.
Explanation of quantisation methods
Click to see details
The new methods available are:
GGML_TYPE_Q2_K - "type-1" 2-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 16 blocks, each block having 16 weight. Block scales and mins are quantized with 4 bits. This ends up effectively using 2.5625 bits per weight (bpw)
GGML_TYPE_Q3_K - "type-0" 3-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 16 blocks, each block having 16 weights. Scales are quantized with 6 bits. This end up using 3.4375 bpw.
GGML_TYPE_Q4_K - "type-1" 4-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 8 blocks, each block having 32 weights. Scales and mins are quantized with 6 bits. This ends up using 4.5 bpw.
GGML_TYPE_Q5_K - "type-1" 5-bit quantization. Same super-block structure as GGML_TYPE_Q4_K resulting in 5.5 bpw
GGML_TYPE_Q6_K - "type-0" 6-bit quantization. Super-blocks with 16 blocks, each block having 16 weights. Scales are quantized with 8 bits. This ends up using 6.5625 bpw
Refer to the Provided Files table below to see what files use which methods, and how.
Provided files
TBD
Note: the above RAM figures assume no GPU offloading. If layers are offloaded to the GPU, this will reduce RAM usage and use VRAM instead.
How to download GGUF files
Note for manual downloaders: You almost never want to clone the entire repo! Multiple different quantisation formats are provided, and most users only want to pick and download a single file.
The following clients/libraries will automatically download models for you, providing a list of available models to choose from:
LM Studio
LoLLMS Web UI
Faraday.dev
In text-generation-webui
Under Download Model, you can enter the model repo: ProfessorF/phi-1-GGUF and below it, a specific filename to download, such as: phi-1.Q8_0.gguf.
Then click Download.
On the command line, including multiple files at once
I recommend using the huggingface-hub Python library:
pip3 install huggingface-hub
Then you can download any individual model file to the current directory, at high speed, with a command like this:
Change -ngl 32 to the number of layers to offload to GPU. Remove it if you don't have GPU acceleration.
Change -c 2048 to the desired sequence length. For extended sequence models - eg 8K, 16K, 32K - the necessary RoPE scaling parameters are read from the GGUF file and set by llama.cpp automatically. Note that longer sequence lengths require much more resources, so you may need to reduce this value.
If you want to have a chat-style conversation, replace the -p <PROMPT> argument with -i -ins
You can use GGUF models from Python using the llama-cpp-python or ctransformers libraries. Note that at the time of writing (Nov 27th 2023), ctransformers has not been updated for some time and is not compatible with some recent models. Therefore I recommend you use llama-cpp-python.
How to load this model in Python code, using llama-cpp-python
Run one of the following commands, according to your system:
shell
1# Base ctransformers with no GPU acceleration2pip install llama-cpp-python
3# With NVidia CUDA acceleration4CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_CUBLAS=on" pip install llama-cpp-python
5# Or with OpenBLAS acceleration6CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_BLAS=ON -DLLAMA_BLAS_VENDOR=OpenBLAS" pip install llama-cpp-python
7# Or with CLBLast acceleration8CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_CLBLAST=on" pip install llama-cpp-python
9# Or with AMD ROCm GPU acceleration (Linux only)10CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_HIPBLAS=on" pip install llama-cpp-python
11# Or with Metal GPU acceleration for macOS systems only12CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_METAL=on" pip install llama-cpp-python
1314# In windows, to set the variables CMAKE_ARGS in PowerShell, follow this format; eg for NVidia CUDA:15$env:CMAKE_ARGS ="-DLLAMA_OPENBLAS=on"16pip install llama-cpp-python
Simple llama-cpp-python example code
python
1from llama_cpp import Llama
23# Set gpu_layers to the number of layers to offload to GPU. Set to 0 if no GPU acceleration is available on your system.4llm = Llama(5 model_path="./phi-1.Q8_0.gguf",# Download the model file first6 n_ctx=2048,# The max sequence length to use - note that longer sequence lengths require much more resources7 n_threads=8,# The number of CPU threads to use, tailor to your system and the resulting performance8 n_gpu_layers=35# The number of layers to offload to GPU, if you have GPU acceleration available9)1011# Simple inference example12output = llm(13"Instruct: {prompt}\nOutput:",# Prompt14 max_tokens=512,# Generate up to 512 tokens15 stop=["</s>"],# Example stop token - not necessarily correct for this specific model! Please check before using.16 echo=True# Whether to echo the prompt17)1819# Chat Completion API2021llm = Llama(model_path="./phi-1.Q8_0.gguf", chat_format="llama-2")# Set chat_format according to the model you are using22llm.create_chat_completion(23 messages =[24{"role":"system","content":"You are a story writing assistant."},25{26"role":"user",27"content":"Write a story about llamas."28}29]30)
How to use with LangChain
Here are guides on using llama-cpp-python and ctransformers with LangChain:
The language model Phi-1 is a Transformer with 1.3 billion parameters, specialized for basic Python coding. Its training involved a variety of data sources, including subsets of Python codes from The Stack v1.2, Q&A content from StackOverflow, competition code from code_contests, and synthetic Python textbooks and exercises generated by gpt-3.5-turbo-0301. Even though the model and the datasets are relatively small compared to contemporary Large Language Models (LLMs), Phi-1 has demonstrated an impressive accuracy rate exceeding 50% on the simple Python coding benchmark, HumanEval.
How to Use
Phi-1 has been integrated in the transformers version 4.37.0. If you are using a lower version, ensure that you are doing the following:
When loading the model, ensure that trust_remote_code=True is passed as an argument of the from_pretrained() function.
The current transformers version can be verified with: pip list | grep transformers.
Intended Uses
Given the nature of the training data, Phi-1 is best suited for prompts using the code format:
Code Format:
python
1defprint_prime(n):2"""
3 Print all primes between 1 and n
4 """5for num inrange(2, n+1):6for i inrange(2, num):7if num % i ==0:8break9else:10print(num)
where the model generates the code after the comments. (Note: This is a legitimate and correct use of the else statement in Python loops.)
Notes:
Phi-1 is intended for code purposes. The model-generated code should be treated as a starting point rather than a definitive solution for potential use cases. Users should be cautious when employing this model in their applications.
Direct adoption for production coding tasks is out of the scope of this research project. As a result, Phi-1 has not been tested to ensure that it performs adequately for production-level code. Please refer to the limitation sections of this document for more details.
If you are using transformers<4.37.0, always load the model with trust_remote_code=True to prevent side-effects.
Sample Code
python
1import torch
2from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
34torch.set_default_device("cuda")56model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("microsoft/phi-1", torch_dtype="auto", trust_remote_code=True)7tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("microsoft/phi-1", trust_remote_code=True)89inputs = tokenizer('''def print_prime(n):
10 """
11 Print all primes between 1 and n
12 """''', return_tensors="pt", return_attention_mask=False)1314outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_length=200)15text = tokenizer.batch_decode(outputs)[0]16print(text)
Limitations of Phi-1
Limited Scope: 99.8% of the Python scripts in our fine-tuning dataset use only the packages "typing, math, random, collections, datetime, itertools". If the model generates Python scripts that utilize other packages, we strongly recommend users manually verify all API uses.
Replicate Scripts Online: As our model is trained on Python scripts found online, there is a small chance it may replicate such scripts, especially if they appear repetitively across different online sources.
Generate Inaccurate Code: The model frequently generates incorrect code. We suggest that users view these outputs as a source of inspiration rather than definitive solutions.
Unreliable Responses to Alternate Formats: Despite appearing to comprehend instructions in formats like Q&A or chat, our models often respond with inaccurate answers, even when seeming confident. Their capabilities with non-code formats are significantly more limited.
Limitations on Natural Language Comprehension. As a coding bot, Phi-1's main focus is to help with coding-related questions. While it may have some natural language comprehension capabilities, its primary function is not to engage in general conversations or demonstrate common sense like a general AI assistant. Its strength lies in providing assistance and guidance in the context of programming and software development.
Potential Biases: Phi-1, like other AI models, is trained on web and synthetic data. This data can contain biases and errors that might affect the AI's performance. Biases could stem from various sources like unbalanced representation, stereotypes, or controversial opinions present in the training data. As a result, the model might sometimes generate responses that reflect these biases or errors.
Warning about Security Risks
When leveraging Phi-1, it's paramount to be vigilant. The model, though powerful, can inadvertently introduce security vulnerabilities in the generated code. Examples include, but are not limited to:
Directory Traversal: The code might fail to implement safe checks against directory traversal attacks, potentially allowing unauthorized access to sensitive files on your system.
Injection Attacks: There could be lapses in escaping strings properly, making the application susceptible to SQL, OS commands, or other injection attacks.
Misunderstanding Requirements: The model might sometimes misunderstand or oversimplify user requirements, leading to incomplete or insecure solutions.
Lack of Input Validation: In some cases, the model might neglect to incorporate input validation or sanitize user inputs, opening doors to attacks like Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
Insecure Defaults: The model might recommend or generate code with insecure default settings, such as weak password requirements or unencrypted data transmissions.
Failure in Error Handling: Improper error handling can inadvertently reveal sensitive information about the system or the application's internal workings.
Given these potential pitfalls, and others not explicitly mentioned, it's essential to thoroughly review, test, and verify the generated code before deploying it in any application, especially those that are security-sensitive. Always consult with security experts or perform rigorous penetration testing when in doubt.
Training
Model
Architecture: a Transformer-based model with next-word prediction objective
1@article{gunasekar2023textbooks,
2 title={Textbooks Are All You Need},
3 author={Gunasekar, Suriya and Zhang, Yi and Aneja, Jyoti and Mendes, Caio C{\'e}sar Teodoro and Del Giorno, Allie and Gopi, Sivakanth and Javaheripi, Mojan and Kauffmann, Piero and de Rosa, Gustavo and Saarikivi, Olli and others},
4 journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.11644},
5 year={2023}
6}
Trademarks
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