This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: sentence-transformers/paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2
Maximum Sequence Length: 128 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 384 tokens
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 128, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("philipp-zettl/MiniLM-amazon_massive_intent-similarity")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'vertel my die huidige tyd in ottawa',
    'query cooking',
    'request definition',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Semantic Similarity

Dataset: MiniLM-dev
Evaluated with EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator

Metric	Value
pearson_cosine	0.8464
spearman_cosine	0.8129
pearson_manhattan	0.8205
spearman_manhattan	0.807
pearson_euclidean	0.8208
spearman_euclidean	0.8069
pearson_dot	0.7928
spearman_dot	0.8078
pearson_max	0.8464
spearman_max	0.8129

Semantic Similarity

Dataset: MiniLM-test
Evaluated with EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator

Metric	Value
pearson_cosine	0.908
spearman_cosine	0.8426
pearson_manhattan	0.8854
spearman_manhattan	0.8389
pearson_euclidean	0.8858
spearman_euclidean	0.8391
pearson_dot	0.8619
spearman_dot	0.839
pearson_max	0.908
spearman_max	0.8426

Training Details

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 32
per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
learning_rate: 2e-05
num_train_epochs: 1
warmup_ratio: 0.1
fp16: True
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 32
per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 1
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: True
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Click to expand

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	loss	MiniLM-dev_spearman_cosine	MiniLM-test_spearman_cosine
0.0031	100	7.4879	-	-	-
0.0062	200	6.4531	-	-	-
0.0093	300	6.4185	-	-	-
0.0125	400	4.5043	-	-	-
0.0156	500	5.1274	-	-	-
0.0187	600	6.0006	-	-	-
0.0218	700	4.8066	-	-	-
0.0249	800	3.9536	-	-	-
0.0280	900	4.7259	-	-	-
0.0311	1000	3.7583	2.6440	0.6640	-
0.0343	1100	3.9905	-	-	-
0.0374	1200	4.8914	-	-	-
0.0405	1300	3.895	-	-	-
0.0436	1400	3.1582	-	-	-
0.0467	1500	3.7172	-	-	-
0.0498	1600	3.6785	-	-	-
0.0529	1700	3.9632	-	-	-
0.0561	1800	3.9643	-	-	-
0.0592	1900	2.829	-	-	-
0.0623	2000	2.5923	2.3344	0.7459	-
0.0654	2100	3.1617	-	-	-
0.0685	2200	2.6366	-	-	-
0.0716	2300	4.3751	-	-	-
0.0747	2400	3.4732	-	-	-
0.0779	2500	2.5695	-	-	-
0.0810	2600	2.7479	-	-	-
0.0841	2700	2.5274	-	-	-
0.0872	2800	2.4204	-	-	-
0.0903	2900	4.1305	-	-	-
0.0934	3000	4.091	2.0951	0.7426	-
0.0965	3100	3.7972	-	-	-
0.0997	3200	2.6029	-	-	-
0.1028	3300	3.2422	-	-	-
0.1059	3400	3.3747	-	-	-
0.1090	3500	3.3358	-	-	-
0.1121	3600	2.8658	-	-	-
0.1152	3700	2.6436	-	-	-
0.1183	3800	2.2006	-	-	-
0.1215	3900	2.0549	-	-	-
0.1246	4000	2.4642	3.4108	0.7236	-
0.1277	4100	2.9219	-	-	-
0.1308	4200	2.6581	-	-	-
0.1339	4300	2.2697	-	-	-
0.1370	4400	2.7215	-	-	-
0.1401	4500	2.6023	-	-	-
0.1433	4600	1.8772	-	-	-
0.1464	4700	2.6885	-	-	-
0.1495	4800	2.6005	-	-	-
0.1526	4900	1.4849	-	-	-
0.1557	5000	2.4896	3.4860	0.7117	-
0.1588	5100	2.6038	-	-	-
0.1619	5200	2.0584	-	-	-
0.1651	5300	1.9156	-	-	-
0.1682	5400	1.467	-	-	-
0.1713	5500	0.5799	-	-	-
0.1744	5600	1.617	-	-	-
0.1775	5700	1.3764	-	-	-
0.1806	5800	3.067	-	-	-
0.1837	5900	2.2463	-	-	-
0.1869	6000	1.5466	2.5326	0.7721	-
0.1900	6100	1.4097	-	-	-
0.1931	6200	1.7852	-	-	-
0.1962	6300	1.2715	-	-	-
0.1993	6400	2.5585	-	-	-
0.2024	6500	2.4665	-	-	-
0.2055	6600	1.7246	-	-	-
0.2087	6700	1.145	-	-	-
0.2118	6800	1.614	-	-	-
0.2149	6900	1.7206	-	-	-
0.2180	7000	2.6349	2.6824	0.7652	-
0.2211	7100	2.1896	-	-	-
0.2242	7200	1.9106	-	-	-
0.2274	7300	1.3783	-	-	-
0.2305	7400	0.7119	-	-	-
0.2336	7500	1.5037	-	-	-
0.2367	7600	1.8365	-	-	-
0.2398	7700	1.3817	-	-	-
0.2429	7800	1.7101	-	-	-
0.2460	7900	1.6716	-	-	-
0.2492	8000	1.3013	3.5864	0.7401	-
0.2523	8100	1.5131	-	-	-
0.2554	8200	2.3699	-	-	-
0.2585	8300	1.6179	-	-	-
0.2616	8400	1.3	-	-	-
0.2647	8500	1.5151	-	-	-
0.2678	8600	2.8703	-	-	-
0.2710	8700	2.5076	-	-	-
0.2741	8800	1.9876	-	-	-
0.2772	8900	1.5823	-	-	-
0.2803	9000	1.0845	2.4197	0.7833	-
0.2834	9100	1.2871	-	-	-
0.2865	9200	1.3901	-	-	-
0.2896	9300	1.1607	-	-	-
0.2928	9400	2.1171	-	-	-
0.2959	9500	1.4335	-	-	-
0.2990	9600	0.801	-	-	-
0.3021	9700	1.4567	-	-	-
0.3052	9800	1.7046	-	-	-
0.3083	9900	1.4378	-	-	-
0.3114	10000	2.3191	2.3063	0.7903	-
0.3146	10100	1.6518	-	-	-
0.3177	10200	0.9857	-	-	-
0.3208	10300	2.2052	-	-	-
0.3239	10400	2.0443	-	-	-
0.3270	10500	2.08	-	-	-
0.3301	10600	2.0009	-	-	-
0.3332	10700	1.3274	-	-	-
0.3364	10800	1.0298	-	-	-
0.3395	10900	1.7127	-	-	-
0.3426	11000	1.3371	4.0607	0.7211	-
0.3457	11100	2.7555	-	-	-
0.3488	11200	4.1792	-	-	-
0.3519	11300	2.0931	-	-	-
0.3550	11400	2.4591	-	-	-
0.3582	11500	3.4962	-	-	-
0.3613	11600	1.9228	-	-	-
0.3644	11700	2.7295	-	-	-
0.3675	11800	1.5425	-	-	-
0.3706	11900	1.1586	-	-	-
0.3737	12000	1.1336	2.2959	0.7890	-
0.3768	12100	1.572	-	-	-
0.3800	12200	1.2827	-	-	-
0.3831	12300	1.6352	-	-	-
0.3862	12400	1.4708	-	-	-
0.3893	12500	1.4719	-	-	-
0.3924	12600	1.4136	-	-	-
0.3955	12700	1.3969	-	-	-
0.3986	12800	1.7228	-	-	-
0.4018	12900	4.2842	-	-	-
0.4049	13000	3.5861	2.1113	0.7956	-
0.4080	13100	2.9718	-	-	-
0.4111	13200	3.1554	-	-	-
0.4142	13300	3.1357	-	-	-
0.4173	13400	2.8488	-	-	-
0.4204	13500	3.7433	-	-	-
0.4236	13600	2.4195	-	-	-
0.4267	13700	2.1384	-	-	-
0.4298	13800	2.7965	-	-	-
0.4329	13900	1.7869	-	-	-
0.4360	14000	3.0356	2.7234	0.7697	-
0.4391	14100	3.4984	-	-	-
0.4422	14200	2.4959	-	-	-
0.4454	14300	2.4615	-	-	-
0.4485	14400	2.6309	-	-	-
0.4516	14500	1.9831	-	-	-
0.4547	14600	3.25	-	-	-
0.4578	14700	3.3112	-	-	-
0.4609	14800	1.9912	-	-	-
0.4640	14900	1.9252	-	-	-
0.4672	15000	2.4545	2.0730	0.7972	-
0.4703	15100	1.6943	-	-	-
0.4734	15200	2.2851	-	-	-
0.4765	15300	2.4327	-	-	-
0.4796	15400	1.3503	-	-	-
0.4827	15500	1.1419	-	-	-
0.4858	15600	1.7906	-	-	-
0.4890	15700	1.6504	-	-	-
0.4921	15800	1.6908	-	-	-
0.4952	15900	3.0954	-	-	-
0.4983	16000	1.7151	2.0042	0.8044	-
0.5014	16100	1.5165	-	-	-
0.5045	16200	2.5573	-	-	-
0.5076	16300	1.3401	-	-	-
0.5108	16400	2.5464	-	-	-
0.5139	16500	2.4564	-	-	-
0.5170	16600	2.1667	-	-	-
0.5201	16700	1.2402	-	-	-
0.5232	16800	1.932	-	-	-
0.5263	16900	1.1811	-	-	-
0.5294	17000	2.2014	2.0475	0.8062	-
0.5326	17100	2.6535	-	-	-
0.5357	17200	1.8715	-	-	-
0.5388	17300	1.9385	-	-	-
0.5419	17400	2.0398	-	-	-
0.5450	17500	1.3436	-	-	-
0.5481	17600	2.0687	-	-	-
0.5512	17700	1.6224	-	-	-
0.5544	17800	1.0539	-	-	-
0.5575	17900	1.1162	-	-	-
0.5606	18000	1.6334	2.4120	0.7964	-
0.5637	18100	1.247	-	-	-
0.5668	18200	2.4652	-	-	-
0.5699	18300	1.8593	-	-	-
0.5730	18400	1.1875	-	-	-
0.5762	18500	2.1173	-	-	-
0.5793	18600	1.7473	-	-	-
0.5824	18700	2.1865	-	-	-
0.5855	18800	1.683	-	-	-
0.5886	18900	1.6522	-	-	-
0.5917	19000	1.0526	2.0743	0.8033	-
0.5948	19100	1.5001	-	-	-
0.5980	19200	1.2606	-	-	-
0.6011	19300	1.0597	-	-	-
0.6042	19400	1.8603	-	-	-
0.6073	19500	1.4883	-	-	-
0.6104	19600	0.6594	-	-	-
0.6135	19700	0.9557	-	-	-
0.6166	19800	0.8651	-	-	-
0.6198	19900	1.0326	-	-	-
0.6229	20000	1.2785	2.0868	0.8075	-
0.6260	20100	1.2881	-	-	-
0.6291	20200	0.5919	-	-	-
0.6322	20300	1.69	-	-	-
0.6353	20400	1.0285	-	-	-
0.6385	20500	0.8843	-	-	-
0.6416	20600	1.3756	-	-	-
0.6447	20700	0.9646	-	-	-
0.6478	20800	0.8052	-	-	-
0.6509	20900	0.8996	-	-	-
0.6540	21000	1.2207	2.2881	0.8029	-
0.6571	21100	1.3225	-	-	-
0.6603	21200	1.8101	-	-	-
0.6634	21300	0.8756	-	-	-
0.6665	21400	0.9877	-	-	-
0.6696	21500	1.7329	-	-	-
0.6727	21600	1.6885	-	-	-
0.6758	21700	1.2132	-	-	-
0.6789	21800	1.4888	-	-	-
0.6821	21900	1.403	-	-	-
0.6852	22000	0.5995	2.1952	0.8036	-
0.6883	22100	0.9658	-	-	-
0.6914	22200	1.1485	-	-	-
0.6945	22300	1.089	-	-	-
0.6976	22400	1.2719	-	-	-
0.7007	22500	0.9611	-	-	-
0.7039	22600	0.9398	-	-	-
0.7070	22700	0.7931	-	-	-
0.7101	22800	1.1224	-	-	-
0.7132	22900	2.032	-	-	-
0.7163	23000	1.3664	2.1043	0.8075	-
0.7194	23100	0.7777	-	-	-
0.7225	23200	0.9427	-	-	-
0.7257	23300	0.8846	-	-	-
0.7288	23400	1.0039	-	-	-
0.7319	23500	0.9344	-	-	-
0.7350	23600	1.3712	-	-	-
0.7381	23700	0.8039	-	-	-
0.7412	23800	1.0735	-	-	-
0.7443	23900	0.9851	-	-	-
0.7475	24000	1.8673	2.1547	0.8066	-
0.7506	24100	5.5805	-	-	-
0.7537	24200	4.1286	-	-	-
0.7568	24300	2.2206	-	-	-
0.7599	24400	3.6468	-	-	-
0.7630	24500	2.9307	-	-	-
0.7661	24600	3.8745	-	-	-
0.7693	24700	2.2125	-	-	-
0.7724	24800	2.3844	-	-	-
0.7755	24900	1.5081	-	-	-
0.7786	25000	1.5982	1.8491	0.8145	-
0.7817	25100	2.1563	-	-	-
0.7848	25200	1.8558	-	-	-
0.7879	25300	2.2087	-	-	-
0.7911	25400	2.3953	-	-	-
0.7942	25500	1.4072	-	-	-
0.7973	25600	1.4637	-	-	-
0.8004	25700	2.2037	-	-	-
0.8035	25800	1.6241	-	-	-
0.8066	25900	1.4882	-	-	-
0.8097	26000	0.9108	1.9292	0.8115	-
0.8129	26100	0.9198	-	-	-
0.8160	26200	1.2981	-	-	-
0.8191	26300	1.0513	-	-	-
0.8222	26400	1.389	-	-	-
0.8253	26500	5.8539	-	-	-
0.8284	26600	3.547	-	-	-
0.8315	26700	2.3285	-	-	-
0.8347	26800	2.8112	-	-	-
0.8378	26900	3.3717	-	-	-
0.8409	27000	2.5921	1.9430	0.8108	-
0.8440	27100	1.5048	-	-	-
0.8471	27200	1.5	-	-	-
0.8502	27300	0.778	-	-	-
0.8533	27400	0.9557	-	-	-
0.8565	27500	1.347	-	-	-
0.8596	27600	1.5882	-	-	-
0.8627	27700	1.7333	-	-	-
0.8658	27800	1.5683	-	-	-
0.8689	27900	0.7698	-	-	-
0.8720	28000	1.2758	1.9704	0.8127	-
0.8751	28100	1.3248	-	-	-
0.8783	28200	1.041	-	-	-
0.8814	28300	1.6066	-	-	-
0.8845	28400	1.9033	-	-	-
0.8876	28500	0.8781	-	-	-
0.8907	28600	0.9345	-	-	-
0.8938	28700	0.9209	-	-	-
0.8969	28800	1.1443	-	-	-
0.9001	28900	0.9522	-	-	-
0.9032	29000	1.4295	2.0572	0.8111	-
0.9063	29100	0.9005	-	-	-
0.9094	29200	1.0024	-	-	-
0.9125	29300	1.3573	-	-	-
0.9156	29400	1.0805	-	-	-
0.9187	29500	1.3308	-	-	-
0.9219	29600	1.4853	-	-	-
0.9250	29700	2.0785	-	-	-
0.9281	29800	0.9283	-	-	-
0.9312	29900	0.8081	-	-	-
0.9343	30000	0.4223	2.0404	0.8115	-
0.9374	30100	0.8565	-	-	-
0.9405	30200	0.6674	-	-	-
0.9437	30300	0.5499	-	-	-
0.9468	30400	0.3212	-	-	-
0.9499	30500	0.166	-	-	-
0.9530	30600	0.1096	-	-	-
0.9561	30700	0.0382	-	-	-
0.9592	30800	0.2927	-	-	-
0.9623	30900	0.4097	-	-	-
0.9655	31000	0.5554	2.0068	0.8130	-
0.9686	31100	0.5783	-	-	-
0.9717	31200	0.376	-	-	-
0.9748	31300	0.3469	-	-	-
0.9779	31400	0.3043	-	-	-
0.9810	31500	0.4023	-	-	-
0.9841	31600	0.1876	-	-	-
0.9873	31700	0.4473	-	-	-
0.9904	31800	0.3256	-	-	-
0.9935	31900	0.4875	-	-	-
0.9966	32000	0.1807	2.0122	0.8129	-
0.9997	32100	0.3249	-	-	-
1.0	32109	-	-	-	0.8426

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.14
Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
Transformers: 4.41.2
PyTorch: 2.3.1+cu121
Accelerate: 0.33.0
Datasets: 2.21.0
Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

CoSENTLoss

bibtex

@online{kexuefm-8847,
    title={CoSENT: A more efficient sentence vector scheme than Sentence-BERT},
    author={Su Jianlin},
    year={2022},
    month={Jan},
    url={https://kexue.fm/archives/8847},
}