This is a 1.3B parameter transformer-based decoder-only language model trained from scratch on 30B tokens selected from SlimPajama dataset using the Meta-rater framework with all 25 quality scores. This represents the flagship model of the Meta-rater research, combining natural language quality signals, data importance scores, and model-based ratings through learned optimal weightings.

Model Details

Architecture: Transformer decoder-only
Parameters: 1.345B (1,345,423,360 parameters)
Training Tokens: 30B tokens
Context Window: 1,024 tokens
Vocabulary Size: 32,000 (LLaMA tokenizer)
Data Selection Method: Meta-rater with all 25 quality scores
Optimization: Learned optimal weightings through 256 proxy models

Architecture Specifications

Hidden Dimension: 2,048
Number of Layers: 24
Attention Heads: 16
Key-Value Heads: 16
MLP Ratio: 8/3
Position Encoding: RoPE (base=10,000)

Meta-rater Framework

The training data was selected using the complete Meta-rater framework integrating:

Natural Language Quality Signals (11)

RedPajama rule-based measures (word count, entropy, unique words, etc.)
Text naturalness and linguistic integrity indicators

Data Importance Scores (3)

DSIR similarity to Books, Wikipedia, and AutoMathText
Domain-specific quality assessment

Model-based Ratings (11)

PRRC (4): Professionalism, Readability, Reasoning, Cleanliness
QuRating (4): Required Expertise, Writing Style, Facts & Trivia, Educational Value
FineWeb-Edu (1): Educational value assessment
WanjuanCC (2): Advertisement detection, Fluency evaluation

Optimal Weighting

Top contributing quality scores with learned weights:

Educational Value (5.64%)
doc_frac_no_alph_words (4.93%)
Fineweb-edu (4.93%)
lines_uppercase_letter_fraction (4.88%)
Facts and Trivia (4.77%)

Training Details

Hardware: 32x NVIDIA A800 GPUs
Global Batch Size: 4,194,304 tokens
Learning Rate: 5e-5
Optimizer: Adam (β₁=0.9, β₂=0.95, ε=1e-8)
Training Time: ~14 hours
Meta-rater Construction: 256 proxy models for optimal weight learning

Performance Results

Downstream Task Performance (Average Accuracy)

General Knowledge: 58.90% (+6.11% vs Random)
- ARC-Easy: 58.25%
- ARC-Challenge: 29.86%
- SciQ: 88.60%
Commonsense Reasoning: 45.41% (+1.47% vs Random)
- HellaSwag: 39.81%
- SIQA: 42.68%
- WinoGrande: 53.75%
Reading Comprehension: 31.55% (+1.53% vs Random)
- RACE: 31.10%
- OpenbookQA: 32.00%
Overall Average: 47.01% (+3.23% vs Random)

Key Achievements

State-of-the-Art: Best performance among all baseline methods
Convergence Speed: 2x faster convergence compared to random selection
Token Efficiency: Matches Random-60B performance using only 30B tokens
Holistic Quality: Balanced improvements across all task categories
Multi-dimensional: Successfully integrates 25 complementary quality metrics

Usage

python

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import torch

# Load model and tokenizer
model_name = "opendatalab/meta-rater-1b-25raters"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name)

# Generate text (optimized for overall quality)
prompt = "The advancement of artificial intelligence"
inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt")

with torch.no_grad():
    outputs = model.generate(
        inputs.input_ids,
        max_length=100,
        temperature=0.7,
        do_sample=True,
        pad_token_id=tokenizer.eos_token_id
    )

generated_text = tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
print(generated_text)

Applications

This model is exceptionally well-suited for:

General-purpose language modeling with high quality standards
Research requiring state-of-the-art baseline performance
Educational applications across multiple domains
Content generation with balanced quality across dimensions
Multi-domain tasks requiring diverse capabilities
Production systems needing reliable, high-quality text generation

Strengths

Holistic Quality: Balanced performance across all evaluation dimensions
Training Efficiency: Superior token efficiency compared to random selection
Robust Performance: Consistent improvements across diverse task types
Multi-dimensional: Benefits from comprehensive quality assessment
Research Validated: Empirically optimized through systematic methodology
Scalable: Framework scales to larger models (validated up to 7.2B)

Research Significance

This model demonstrates several key findings:

Multi-dimensional beats single-dimension: 47.01% vs best single rater (46.16%)
Quality integration superiority: Outperforms simple combination methods
Efficiency gains: Achieves 2x convergence speed improvement
Scalability: Benefits persist at larger model scales
Comprehensive approach: 25 quality scores provide complementary information

Comparison with Baselines

vs Random Baseline: +3.23% overall improvement
vs Best Single Rater (QuRating Educational Value): +0.85% improvement
vs Simple Mean Combination: +2.36% improvement over uniform weighting
vs Previous SOTA: Establishes new state-of-the-art for data selection methods

Limitations

Higher computational cost for quality score rating during data selection
Optimized for SlimPajama-style web-crawled data
Limited context window (1,024 tokens)
No instruction tuning or safety alignment
Requires proxy model training for weight optimization

Technical Innovation

The Meta-rater framework introduces:

Systematic quality integration: Moving beyond single-dimensional selection
Learned optimal weightings: Data-driven rather than heuristic combinations
Proxy model methodology: Efficient exploration of weight space
Multi-dimensional assessment: Comprehensive quality evaluation (PRRC)
Scalable paradigm: Framework applicable to diverse quality metrics

Citation

If you use this model in your research, please cite:

bibtex

@article{zhuang2025meta,
  title={Meta-rater: A Multi-dimensional Data Selection Method for Pre-training Language Models},
  author={Zhuang, Xinlin and Peng, Jiahui and Ma, Ren and Wang, Yinfan and Bai, Tianyi and Wei, Xingjian and Qiu, Jiantao and Zhang, Chi and Qian, Ying and He, Conghui},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.14194},
  year={2025}
}

Related Resources

PRRC Rating Models: Individual ModernBERT models for quality assessment
Annotated SlimPajama-627B: Fully labeled dataset with all 25 quality scores
Meta-rater Scripts: Implementation and training code
Proxy Models: Smaller models used for weight optimization

License

Please refer to the license terms of the original SlimPajama dataset and follow applicable data licensing requirements.

Contact

For questions or issues, please contact the authors or open an issue in the repository.