This is a sentence-transformers model trained. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer

Maximum Sequence Length: 64 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 64, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'DebertaV2Model'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'He was born in July 1973 in Petroupoli ( Athens ) .',
    'He was born in Athens in July 1973 ( Petroupoli ) .',
    'At the age of nine , Garcia appeared in his first concert and since then has appeared alone or with his aunt and his uncle in all parts of France .',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.9386, 0.5843],
#         [0.9386, 1.0000, 0.5614],
#         [0.5843, 0.5614, 1.0000]])

Evaluation

Metrics

Binary Classification

Dataset: paws-val-deberta
Evaluated with BinaryClassificationEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy	0.9121
cosine_accuracy_threshold	0.8482
cosine_f1	0.9024
cosine_f1_threshold	0.8433
cosine_precision	0.8861
cosine_recall	0.9194
cosine_ap	0.9503
cosine_mcc	0.823

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 44,114 training samples
Columns: sentence_0, sentence_1, and label
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
sentence_0 sentence_1 label
type string string float
details
min: 8 tokens
mean: 25.39 tokens
max: 47 tokens
min: 8 tokens
mean: 25.47 tokens
max: 45 tokens
min: 0.0
mean: 0.48
max: 1.0

Samples:

sentence_0	sentence_1	label
`The Song of Ceylon is a 1934 British documentary film produced by Basil Wright and directed by John Grierson for the Ceylon Tea Propaganda Board .`	`The Song of Ceylon is a British documentary film directed by Basil Wright by John Grierson for the Ceylon Tea Propaganda Board in 1934 .`	`0.0`
`The two leased aircraft were returned to the BAE Systems lessor on 9 November 2006 .`	`Centavia 's two leased aircraft were returned to the lessor , BAE Systems , on November 9 , 2006 .`	`1.0`
`When , in 1818 , Ortona was assigned to Lanciano , Campli was joined to the diocese of Teramo .`	`When Ortona was assigned to Lanciano in 1818 , Campli was connected to the Diocese of Teramo .`	`1.0`

Loss: ContrastiveLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "distance_metric": "SiameseDistanceMetric.COSINE_DISTANCE", 3 "margin": 0.5, 4 "size_average": true 5}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

per_device_train_batch_size: 16
per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
num_train_epochs: 2
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: no
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 16
per_device_eval_batch_size: 16
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 5e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1
num_train_epochs: 2
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.0
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
parallelism_config: None
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
project: huggingface
trackio_space_id: trackio
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
hub_revision: None
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
liger_kernel_config: None
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: True
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin
router_mapping: {}
learning_rate_mapping: {}

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	paws-val-deberta_cosine_ap
0.1813	500	0.0314	-
0.3626	1000	0.023	-
0.5439	1500	0.0188	-
0.7252	2000	0.0161	-
0.9065	2500	0.0148	-
1.0	2758	-	0.9361
1.0877	3000	0.0121	-
1.2690	3500	0.0107	-
1.4503	4000	0.01	-
1.6316	4500	0.0098	-
1.8129	5000	0.0094	-
1.9942	5500	0.0091	-
2.0	5516	-	0.9503

Framework Versions

Python: 3.12.12
Sentence Transformers: 5.2.0
Transformers: 4.57.3
PyTorch: 2.9.0+cu126
Accelerate: 1.12.0
Datasets: 4.0.0
Tokenizers: 0.22.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

ContrastiveLoss