An openMammut ViT-L/14 model (224 resolution), able to perform various image recognition and image captioning tasks. Trained on the DataComp-1.4B, 12.8B samples in total, using custom OpenCLIP fork.

Model training done by Jenia Jitsev on JUWELS Booster at Juelich Supercomputing Center, using automated experiment execution workflow autoexperiment, implemented by Mehdi Cherti. Training performed in frame of scaling law model and dataset comparison study published in arXiv:2506.04598. See also the research repository and full thread.

The model weights are directly usable in HF transformers (HF version implemented by Marianna Nezhurina) or by using custom OpenCLIP fork. Both image recognition (classification, retrieval, etc) and text generation (image captioning) tasks are supported.

Uses

This model is intended as a research output for research communities. We hope that this model will enable researchers to better understand and explore zero-shot, arbitrary image classification and retrieval, and generalization capabilities of language-vision learning in general. We also hope it can be used for interdisciplinary studies of the impact of such model, eg when used as component in VLMs or other multi-modal models.

Details on the DataComp-1.4B training dataset can be found in DataComp repository and the DataComp NeurIPS Oral paper.

Direct Use

Zero-shot image classification, image and text retrieval, segmentation, image captioning. Other uses are possible when employing the model as component in other systems or fine-tuning it for other downstream tasks.

ATTENTION: currently, if using openCLIP code base, custom openCLIP fork is required to work with the model. Integrating openMaMMUT code into main openCLIP repository is work in progress. Any volunteers helping with intergration highly welcome, join LAION discord

Alternatively, HF transformers can be used to work with the model natively in HF.

Downstream Use

Image classification, retrieval and image captioning. Linear probing and full fine-tuning for various image tasks, e.g, segmentation, image classification, retrieval. Re-usage as component for guiding and conditioning of image generative models, among others.

Out-of-Scope Use

As per the OpenAI models,

Any deployed use case of the model (that is, in form of an end product) - whether commercial or not - is currently out of scope. Non-deployed use cases such as image search in a constrained environment, are also not recommended unless there is thorough in-domain testing of the model with a specific, fixed class taxonomy. This is because our safety assessment demonstrated a high need for task specific testing especially given the variability of CLIP’s performance with different class taxonomies. This makes untested and unconstrained deployment of the model in any use case currently potentially error prone and thus unsafe.

Certain use cases which would fall under the domain of surveillance and facial recognition are always out-of-scope regardless of performance of the model. This is because the use of artificial intelligence for tasks such as these can be premature currently given the lack of testing norms and checks to ensure its fair use.

Since the model has not been purposefully trained in or evaluated on any languages other than English, its use should be limited to English language use cases.

Further the above notice, the DataComp-1.4B dataset used in training of these models has additional considerations, see below.

Training Details

Training Data

This model was trained on DataComp-1.4B, DataComp paper, DataComp-1.4B metadata at HF (also known as DataComp-XL), which contains 1.4 Billion image-text samples.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Our recommendation is to use the model pre-trained on open DataComp-1.4B dataset only for research purposes. Open datasets provided to broad research and other interested communities allow reproducible and transparent studies of model training and resulting capabilities, the resulting models are basic research artefacts and as such are not recommended to be used for creating any ready-to-go industrial products.

Training Procedure

OpenMammut ViT-L/14 model was trained on 224x224 12.8B samples (128M * 100 checkpoints) from DataComp-1.4B dataset (which corresponds to 9 epochs). Warmup = 6k steps, learning rate = 2.5e-3, cosine annealing schedule, weight decay = 0.2. Global batch size = 180224, number of GPUs = 1024 (A100 40Gb), local batch size = 176

For more details, see arXiv:2506.04598 and research repository.

Evaluation

Evaluation done with code in the LAION CLIP Benchmark suite, using autoexperiment.

Testing Data, Factors & Metrics

Testing Data

The testing is performed with various downstream tasks and datasets, which include ImageNet-1k, DataComp evaluation suite (35 tasks total), and MS-COCO retrieval. TODO - more detail

Results

The model achieves a 80.34% zero-shot top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1k, 71.19% zero-shot on MSCOCO image@R5 retrieval, 85.88% on MSCOCO text@R5 retrieval (5k Karpathy split test set).

More details in the ArXiv paper : Scaling Laws for Robust Comparison of Open Foundation Language-Vision Models and Datasets

TODO - create table for just this model's metrics.

How to Get Started with the Model

Quickstart with HF transformers

python

from PIL import Image
import requests
from transformers import CLIPProcessor, AutoModel, CLIPTokenizer

model_path = "laion/openMaMMUT-ViT-L-14-DataComp-1.4B-s12.8B-b180K"
tokenizer = CLIPTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_path)

model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(model_path, trust_remote_code=True)
processor = CLIPProcessor.from_pretrained(model_path)

url = "http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)

# Image captioning
inputs = processor(images=image, return_tensors="pt", padding=True)
outputs = model.generate(pixel_values=inputs["pixel_values"], top_p=0.1, do_sample=True).sequences
decoded_outputs = tokenizer.batch_decode(outputs)
print("HuggingFace outputs:", decoded_outputs) # prints: ['<|startoftext|>cats on couch']

# Get image-text similarity (just like CLIP)
text  = ["a photo of a cat", "a photo of a dog"]
inputs = processor(images=image, text=text, return_tensors="pt", padding=True)

outputs = model(pixel_values=inputs["pixel_values"], input_ids=inputs["input_ids"], attention_mask=inputs["attention_mask"], contrastive_only=True)

logits_per_image = outputs.logits_per_image # this is the image-text similarity score
probs = logits_per_image.softmax(dim=1) # we can take the softmax to get the label probabilities

print("Label probabilities:", probs)
print("Logits per image:", logits_per_image)

# Compute image and text embeddings separately

text_features = model.get_text_features(inputs["input_ids"], inputs["attention_mask"])
image_features = model.get_image_features(inputs["pixel_values"])

print("Text features shape:", text_features.shape)  # prints: [batch_size, feature_dim]
print("Image features shape:", image_features.shape)  # prints: [batch_size, feature_dim]
text_features /= text_features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
image_features /= image_features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
text_probs = (100.0 * image_features @ text_features.T).softmax(dim=-1)
print("Label probs:", text_probs)  # prints: [[1., 0.]] or similar, depending on the image and text

Using OpenCLIP codebase

Research repository: https://github.com/LAION-AI/scaling-laws-for-comparison

ATTENTION: currently, custom openCLIP fork is required to work with the model when using openCLIP code base. Integrating openMaMMUT code into main openCLIP repository is work in progress. Any volunteers helping with intergration highly welcome, join LAION discord.

Alternatively, use HF transformers to work with the model natively in HF.

First, you need to install OpenCLIP MaMMUT, a fork of OpenCLIP with MaMMUT support:

bash

git clone https://github.com/LAION-AI/open_clip_mammut
cd open_clip_mammut
python -m pip install .

Use the code below to get started with the model.

Zero-shot classification example:

python

import torch
from PIL import Image
import open_clip

model, _, transform = open_clip.create_model_and_transforms('hf-hub:laion/openMaMMUT-ViT-L-14-DataComp-1.4B-s12.8B-b180K')
model.eval()  # model in train mode by default, impacts some models with BatchNorm or stochastic depth active
tokenizer = open_clip.get_tokenizer('hf-hub:laion/openMaMMUT-ViT-L-14-DataComp-1.4B-s12.8B-b180K')

image = transform(Image.open("docs/CLIP.png")).unsqueeze(0)
text = tokenizer(["a diagram", "a dog", "a cat"])

with torch.no_grad(), torch.amp.autocast('cuda'):
    image_features = model.encode_image(image)
    text_features = model.encode_text(text)
    image_features /= image_features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
    text_features /= text_features.norm(dim=-1, keepdim=True)

    text_probs = (100.0 * image_features @ text_features.T).softmax(dim=-1)

print("Label probs:", text_probs)  # prints: [[1., 0., 0.]]

Caption generation example:

python

import open_clip
import torch
from PIL import Image

model, _, transform = open_clip.create_model_and_transforms('hf-hub:laion/openMaMMUT-ViT-L-14-DataComp-1.4B-s12.8B-b180K')

im = Image.open("docs/CLIP.png").convert("RGB")
im = transform(im).unsqueeze(0)

with torch.no_grad(), torch.amp.autocast('cuda'):
  generated = model.generate(im)

print(open_clip.decode(generated[0]).split("<end_of_text>")[0].replace("<start_of_text>", ""))

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing e.V. (www.gauss-centre.eu) for funding the work by providing computing time through the John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC) on the GCS Supercomputer JUWELS Booster at Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC). We also acknowledge storage resources on JUST granted and operated by JSC, as well as storage and computing resources from the Helmholtz Data Federation (HDF).

We gratefully acknowledge funding by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany (BMBF) under grant no. 01IS24085C (OPENHAFM), under the grant 16HPC117K (MINERVA) and under the grant no. 01IS22094B (WestAI - AI Service Center West), as well as co-funding by EU from EuroHPC Joint Undertaking programm under grant no. 101182737 (MINERVA) and from Digital Europe Programme under grant no. 101195233 (openEuroLLM).

Citation

BibTeX:

Please cite:

Scaling laws for robust comparison of open foundation language-vision models and datasets

@inproceedings{
nezhurina2025scaling,
title={Scaling Laws for Robust Comparison of Open Foundation Language-Vision Models and Datasets},
author={Marianna Nezhurina and Tomer Porian and Giovanni Puccetti and Tommie Kerssies and Romain Beaumont and Mehdi Cherti and Jenia Jitsev},
booktitle={The Thirty-ninth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems},
volume={39},
year={2025},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=cWnZLIdeKn}
}

DataComp

@article{gadre2023datacomp,
  title={Datacomp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasets},
  author={Gadre, Samir Yitzhak and Ilharco, Gabriel and Fang, Alex and Hayase, Jonathan and Smyrnis, Georgios and Nguyen, Thao and Marten, Ryan and Wortsman, Mitchell and Ghosh, Dhruba and Zhang, Jieyu and others},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={36},
  pages={27092--27112},
  year={2023}
}

MaMMUT

@article{
kuo2023mammut,
title={Ma{MMUT}: A Simple Architecture for Joint Learning for MultiModal Tasks},
author={Weicheng Kuo and AJ Piergiovanni and Dahun Kim and xiyang luo and Benjamin Caine and Wei Li and Abhijit Ogale and Luowei Zhou and Andrew M. Dai and Zhifeng Chen and Claire Cui and Anelia Angelova},
journal={Transactions on Machine Learning Research},
issn={2835-8856},
year={2023},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=FqOG4osY7C},
}

Reproducible scaling laws for openCLIP

@inproceedings{Cherti2023,
  title={Reproducible scaling laws for contrastive language-image learning},
  author={Cherti, Mehdi and Beaumont, Romain and Wightman, Ross and Wortsman, Mitchell and Ilharco, Gabriel and Gordon, Cade and Schuhmann, Christoph and Schmidt, Ludwig and Jitsev, Jenia},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
  pages={2818--2829},
  year={2023}
}

OpenCLIP software

@software{ilharco_gabriel_2021_5143773,
  author       = {Ilharco, Gabriel and
                  Wortsman, Mitchell and
                  Wightman, Ross and
                  Gordon, Cade and
                  Carlini, Nicholas and
                  Taori, Rohan and
                  Dave, Achal and
                  Shankar, Vaishaal and
                  Namkoong, Hongseok and
                  Miller, John and
                  Hajishirzi, Hannaneh and
                  Farhadi, Ali and
                  Schmidt, Ludwig},
  title        = {OpenCLIP},
  month        = jul,
  year         = 2021,
  note         = {If you use this software, please cite it as below.},
  publisher    = {Zenodo},
  version      = {0.1},
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.5143773},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5143773}
}

CLIP benchmark software

@software{cherti_2025_15403103,
  author       = {Cherti, Mehdi and
                  Beaumont, Romain},
  title        = {CLIP benchmark},
  month        = may,
  year         = 2025,
  publisher    = {Zenodo},
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.15403103},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15403103},
  swhid        = {swh:1:dir:8cf49a5dd06f59224844a1e767337a1d14ee56c2
                   ;origin=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15403102;vi
                   sit=swh:1:snp:dd153b26f702d614346bf814f723d59fef3d
                   77a2;anchor=swh:1:rel:cff2aeb98f42583b44fdab5374e9
                   fa71793f2cff;path=CLIP\\_benchmark-main
                  },
}

laion/openMaMMUT-ViT-L-14-DataComp-1.4B-s12.8B-b180K

Model card for openMammut-ViT-L-14-DataComp-1.4B-s12.8B-b180K

Table of Contents

Model Details

Model Description

Uses

Direct Use

Downstream Use

Out-of-Scope Use

Training Details

Training Data

Training Procedure

Evaluation

Testing Data, Factors & Metrics

Testing Data

Results

How to Get Started with the Model

Quickstart with HF transformers

Using OpenCLIP codebase

Acknowledgements

Citation

laion/
openMaMMUT-ViT-L-14-DataComp-1.4B-s12.8B-b180K