This bert-causation-rating-dgt model is a fine-tuned biobert-base-cased-v1.2 model on a small set of manually annotated texts with causation labels. This model is tasked with classifying a sentence into different levels of strength of causation expressed in this sentence. Before tuning on this dataset, the biobert-base-cased-v1.2 model is fine-tuned on a dataset containing causation labels from a published paper. This model starts from pre-trained kelingwang/bert-causation-rating-pubmed. For more information please view the link and my GitHub page. The sentences in the dataset were rated independently by at least two researchers and any discrepancies were resolved by the two researchers or with a third one.

Intended use and limitations

This model is primarily used to rate for the strength of expressed causation in a sentence extracted from a clinical guideline in the field of diabetes mellitus management. This model predicts strength of causation (SoC) labels based on the text inputs as:

-1: No correlation or variable relationships mentioned in the sentence.
0: There is correlational relationships but not causation in the sentence.
1: The sentence expresses weak causation.
2: The sentence expresses moderate causation.
3: The sentence expresses strong causation. NOTE: The model output is five one-hot logits and will be 0-index based, and the labels will be 0 to 4. It is good to use this python module if one wants to make predictions.

Performance and hyperparameters

Test metrics

This model achieves the following results on the test dataset. The test dataset is a 25% held-out stratified split of the entire dataset with SEED=114514.

Loss: 7.3786
Off-by-1 accuracy: 76.92
Off-by-2 accuracy: 91.61
MSE for ordinal data: 0.9231
Weighted F1: 0.7768
Kendall's Tau: 0.7687

Hyperparameter tuning

This performance is achieved with the following hyperparameters:

Learning rate: 6.67197e-05
Weight decay: 0.048376
Warmup ratio: 0.357855
Power of polynomial learning rate scheduler: 1.056534
Power to the distance measure used in the loss function \alpha: 2.25

Training settings

The following training configurations apply:

Pre-trained model: kelingwang/bert-causation-rating-pubmed
seed: 114514
batch_size: 128
epoch: 6
max_length in torch.utils.data.Dataset: 128
Loss function: the OLL loss with a tunable hyperparameter \alpha (Power to the distance measure used in the loss function).
lr: 6.67197e-05
weight_decay: 0.048376
warmup_ratio: 0.357855
lr_scheduler_type: polynomial
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {"power": 1.056534, "lr_end": 1e-8}
Power to the distance measure used in the loss function \alpha: 2.25

Framework versions and devices

This model is run on a NVIDIA P100 CPU provided by Kaggle. Framework versions are:

python==3.10.14
cuda==12.4
NVIDIA-SMI==550.90.07
torch=2.4.0
transformers==4.45.1
scikit-learn==1.2.2
optuna==4.0.0
nlpaug==1.1.11

kelingwang/bert-causation-rating-dgt

Model description