This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from intfloat/e5-large-v2. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: intfloat/e5-large-v2
Maximum Sequence Length: 32 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 1024 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 32, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'BertModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Enterprise servers betrayed when adversaries slip malicious extensions into approved plug-in directories.',
    'Adversaries install harmful components using enterprise server development features.',
    'Attackers use botnets to flood and exhaust bandwidth for hacktivism or extortion.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[ 1.0000,  0.8241,  0.0031],
#         [ 0.8241,  1.0000, -0.0752],
#         [ 0.0031, -0.0752,  1.0000]])

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 2,268,288 training samples
Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
sentence_0 sentence_1
type string string
details
min: 5 tokens
mean: 20.24 tokens
max: 32 tokens
min: 3 tokens
mean: 20.34 tokens
max: 32 tokens

Samples:

sentence_0	sentence_1
`Fraudsters sell victim stocks and buy Chinese stocks with proceeds.`	`Adversaries pivot using overlapping credentials to reach domain administrator access.`
`malicious emails and phishing attempts remain significant vectors at 19% and 18%, respectively`	`Attackers spoof sender identities to deliver malicious emails that bypass both users and filters.`
`Malware leverages Tor network to perform denial-of-service attacks.`	`Multi-hop proxy chains obscure malicious origins, making defender traceback across onion or compromised networks highly difficult.`

Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "scale": 20.0, 3 "similarity_fct": "cos_sim", 4 "gather_across_devices": false 5}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

per_device_train_batch_size: 32
per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
num_train_epochs: 1
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: no
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 32
per_device_eval_batch_size: 32
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 5e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1
num_train_epochs: 1
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.0
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
parallelism_config: None
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
project: huggingface
trackio_space_id: trackio
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
hub_revision: None
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
liger_kernel_config: None
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: True
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin
router_mapping: {}
learning_rate_mapping: {}

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss
0.7124	50500	0.3315
0.7195	51000	0.3326
0.7265	51500	0.3281
0.7336	52000	0.3221
0.7406	52500	0.3286
0.7477	53000	0.3399
0.7548	53500	0.3106
0.7618	54000	0.3197
0.7689	54500	0.3198
0.7759	55000	0.3307
0.7830	55500	0.3169
0.7900	56000	0.3242
0.7971	56500	0.3083
0.8041	57000	0.3303
0.8112	57500	0.3225
0.8182	58000	0.3141
0.8253	58500	0.3085
0.8323	59000	0.3151
0.8394	59500	0.3067
0.8465	60000	0.3084
0.8535	60500	0.3116
0.8606	61000	0.3013
0.8676	61500	0.3201
0.8747	62000	0.3116
0.8817	62500	0.309
0.8888	63000	0.2995
0.8958	63500	0.2955
0.9029	64000	0.3113
0.9099	64500	0.297
0.9170	65000	0.3071
0.9240	65500	0.3095
0.9311	66000	0.322
0.9382	66500	0.3057
0.9452	67000	0.2986
0.9523	67500	0.3034
0.9593	68000	0.3007
0.9664	68500	0.3138
0.9734	69000	0.3115
0.9805	69500	0.2988
0.9875	70000	0.2839
0.9946	70500	0.3028

Framework Versions

Python: 3.12.3
Sentence Transformers: 5.1.2
Transformers: 4.57.3
PyTorch: 2.8.0+cu128
Accelerate: 1.12.0
Datasets: 4.4.1
Tokenizers: 0.22.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss