This is the 3-frame, reasoning ("thinking") reward model from DenseReward: Dense Reward Learning via Failure Synthesis for Robotic Manipulation. It is a vision-language reward model for robot manipulation that reasons over a short sequence of frames. Given the last 3 frames of an episode (chronological: two history frames + the current frame) plus the task text, it emits one reasoning word in a <think>...</think> block, then a scalar reward in [0.000, 1.000] estimating task progress at the current (last) frame.

Variants:

densereward-1frame: single-frame reward model — given one RGB frame + task text, outputs a scalar reward in [0.000, 1.000].
densereward-3frame-thinking: 3-frame reward model with reasoning — given 3 chronological frames + task text, emits a <think> reasoning word then a scalar reward. Warm-started from the 1-frame checkpoint.

Intended use & scope

Input: exactly 3 RGB frames in chronological order (oldest → current) plus the task text in the user turn.
Output: a <think>WORD</think> block followed by one float with three decimals, e.g. <think>\ncorrect\n</think>\n\n0.374.
Not a chat model. It only emits the reward-with-reasoning format under the system prompt below.

Output contract

The model was trained with a fixed system prompt and a strict output format. Use the same system prompt at inference (system_prompt.txt in this directory). It instructs:

Emit exactly one reasoning word inside <think>...</think>, from this vocabulary:
- correct — progress on track (reward increasing/holding)
- miss — gripper missed the grasp and reward just dropped
- collision — an unintended collision just dropped the reward
- fall — the held object fell and reward just dropped
- smooth — motion stalled / non-smooth behaviour dropped the reward
- failure — an unclassified failure event just dropped the reward
Then a single float in [0.000, 1.000] (three decimals).

Canonical output (note the blank line after </think>):

text

<think>
correct
</think>

0.374

The user turn must contain the 3 images followed by the task text, in the same format used during training (<image><image><image>{task}).

Quickstart

Requires transformers>=4.57, qwen_vl_utils>=0.0.14, torch, accelerate.

Tested environment: Python 3.12, CUDA 12.8, torch==2.8.0+cu128, torchvision==0.23.0+cu128, transformers==5.2.0, accelerate==1.13.0, qwen-vl-utils==0.0.14.

bash
1conda create -n densereward python=3.12 -y 2conda activate densereward 3pip install torch==2.8.0 torchvision==0.23.0 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu128 4pip install "transformers==5.2.0" "accelerate==1.13.0" "qwen-vl-utils==0.0.14" pillow numpy

python

import re
import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForImageTextToText, AutoProcessor
from qwen_vl_utils import process_vision_info

MODEL_DIR = "densereward/densereward-3frame-thinking"  # or a local path to this checkpoint

# The exact thinking system prompt used in training ships with the model:
SYSTEM_PROMPT = open(f"{MODEL_DIR}/system_prompt.txt").read().strip()

model = AutoModelForImageTextToText.from_pretrained(
    MODEL_DIR, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, device_map="auto"
)
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(MODEL_DIR)

# 3 chronological frames: oldest -> current
frames = [
    "file:///path/to/frame_t-2.png",
    "file:///path/to/frame_t-1.png",
    "file:///path/to/frame_t.png",
]
messages = [
    {"role": "system", "content": SYSTEM_PROMPT},
    {
        "role": "user",
        "content": [
            {"type": "image", "image": frames[0]},
            {"type": "image", "image": frames[1]},
            {"type": "image", "image": frames[2]},
            {"type": "text", "text": "put the black bowl on the plate"},
        ],
    },
]

text = processor.apply_chat_template(
    messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True
)
image_inputs, video_inputs = process_vision_info(messages)
inputs = processor(
    text=[text],
    images=image_inputs,
    videos=video_inputs,
    padding=True,
    return_tensors="pt",
).to(model.device)

with torch.no_grad():
    out = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=32, do_sample=False)  # greedy

gen = out[:, inputs.input_ids.shape[1]:]
raw = processor.batch_decode(gen, skip_special_tokens=True)[0].strip()
print(raw)

word = re.search(r"<think>\s*(\w+)\s*</think>", raw)
reward = re.search(r"</think>\s*([01](?:\.\d+)?)", raw)
print("reason:", word.group(1) if word else None,
      "| reward:", float(reward.group(1)) if reward else None)

Notes:

Provide the 3 frames in chronological order (oldest first, current last).
Use max_new_tokens>=32: the output includes the <think> block and the reward.
Always guard the parse: clip reward to [0, 1] and handle malformed output.

About "thinking" here

The <think>WORD</think> block is part of the trained assistant output, driven by the system prompt and thinking-labelled training data — it is not ms-swift's native --enable_thinking mode (enable_thinking was false for this run). At inference you only need the bundled system prompt; the model produces the <think>...</think> block itself.

Loading with ms-swift

The release includes a minimal args.json ({model_type: qwen3_vl, swift_version}) so ms-swift's PtEngine / TransformersEngine can auto-detect the model type for this local directory. Load it as the base model with no adapter; pass the bundled system prompt and a 3-image user turn.

Compatibility note: ms-swift 4.2.x targets transformers>=4.57,<5. Under a much newer transformers (e.g. 5.x) the swift template/prompt composition can misbehave even though weights load fine — prefer the transformers path above, or a swift-matched transformers version, for swift-based inference.

License

Apache License 2.0 (see LICENSE). The base model Qwen/Qwen3-VL-4B-Instruct is also Apache-2.0. This fine-tune was produced at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Citation

bibtex

@article{fang2026densereward,
    title={DenseReward: Dense Reward Learning via Failure Synthesis for Robotic Manipulation},
    author={Fang, Yu and Dong, Wanxi and Liu, Jiaqi and Yang, Yue and Huo, Mingxiao and Mu, Yao and Yao, Huaxiu and Li, Li Erran and Szafir, Daniel and Ding, Mingyu},
    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2607.13033},
    year={2026}
}