The model was trained on GitHub code as well as additional selected data sources such as Arxiv and Wikipedia. As such it is not an instruction model and commands like "Write a function that computes the square root." do not work well.

Generation

Here are some examples to get started with the model. You can find a script for fine-tuning in StarCoder2's GitHub repository.

First, make sure to install transformers from source:

pip install git+https://github.com/huggingface/transformers.git

Running the model on CPU/GPU/multi GPU

Using full precision

python

# pip install git+https://github.com/huggingface/transformers.git # TODO: merge PR to main
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

checkpoint = "bigcode/starcoder2-7b"
device = "cuda" # for GPU usage or "cpu" for CPU usage

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(checkpoint)
# for multiple GPUs install accelerate and do `model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(checkpoint, device_map="auto")`
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(checkpoint).to(device)

inputs = tokenizer.encode("def print_hello_world():", return_tensors="pt").to(device)
outputs = model.generate(inputs)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

bash

>>> print(f"Memory footprint: {model.get_memory_footprint() / 1e6:.2f} MB")
Memory footprint: 29232.57 MB

Using torch.bfloat16

python

# pip install accelerate
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

checkpoint = "bigcode/starcoder2-7b"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(checkpoint)

# for fp16 use `torch_dtype=torch.float16` instead
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(checkpoint, device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)

inputs = tokenizer.encode("def print_hello_world():", return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(inputs)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

bash

>>> print(f"Memory footprint: {model.get_memory_footprint() / 1e6:.2f} MB")
Memory footprint: 14616.29 MB

Quantized Versions through `bitsandbytes`

Using 8-bit precision (int8)

python

# pip install bitsandbytes accelerate
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, BitsAndBytesConfig

# to use 4bit use `load_in_4bit=True` instead
quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(load_in_8bit=True)

checkpoint = "bigcode/starcoder2-7b"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(checkpoint)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(checkpoint, quantization_config=quantization_config)

inputs = tokenizer.encode("def print_hello_world():", return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
outputs = model.generate(inputs)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

bash

>>> print(f"Memory footprint: {model.get_memory_footprint() / 1e6:.2f} MB")
# load_in_8bit
Memory footprint: 7670.52 MB
# load_in_4bit
>>> print(f"Memory footprint: {model.get_memory_footprint() / 1e6:.2f} MB")
Memory footprint: 4197.64 MB

Attribution & Other Requirements

The pretraining dataset of the model was filtered for permissive licenses and code with no license only. Nevertheless, the model can generate source code verbatim from the dataset. The code's license might require attribution and/or other specific requirements that must be respected. We provide a search index that lets you search through the pretraining data to identify where the generated code came from and apply the proper attribution to your code.

Limitations

The model has been trained on source code from 17 programming languages. The predominant language in source is English although other languages are also present. As such the model is capable of generating code snippets provided some context but the generated code is not guaranteed to work as intended. It can be inefficient and contain bugs or exploits. See the paper for an in-depth discussion of the model limitations.

Training

Model

Architecture: Transformer decoder with grouped-query and sliding window attention and Fill-in-the-Middle objective
Pretraining steps: 1 million
Pretraining tokens: 3.5+ trillion
Precision: bfloat16

Hardware

GPUs: 432 H100

Software

Framework: nanotron
Neural networks: PyTorch

License

The model is licensed under the BigCode OpenRAIL-M v1 license agreement. You can find the full agreement here.

Citation

bash

@misc{lozhkov2024starcoder,
      title={StarCoder 2 and The Stack v2: The Next Generation}, 
      author={Anton Lozhkov and Raymond Li and Loubna Ben Allal and Federico Cassano and Joel Lamy-Poirier and Nouamane Tazi and Ao Tang and Dmytro Pykhtar and Jiawei Liu and Yuxiang Wei and Tianyang Liu and Max Tian and Denis Kocetkov and Arthur Zucker and Younes Belkada and Zijian Wang and Qian Liu and Dmitry Abulkhanov and Indraneil Paul and Zhuang Li and Wen-Ding Li and Megan Risdal and Jia Li and Jian Zhu and Terry Yue Zhuo and Evgenii Zheltonozhskii and Nii Osae Osae Dade and Wenhao Yu and Lucas Krauß and Naman Jain and Yixuan Su and Xuanli He and Manan Dey and Edoardo Abati and Yekun Chai and Niklas Muennighoff and Xiangru Tang and Muhtasham Oblokulov and Christopher Akiki and Marc Marone and Chenghao Mou and Mayank Mishra and Alex Gu and Binyuan Hui and Tri Dao and Armel Zebaze and Olivier Dehaene and Nicolas Patry and Canwen Xu and Julian McAuley and Han Hu and Torsten Scholak and Sebastien Paquet and Jennifer Robinson and Carolyn Jane Anderson and Nicolas Chapados and Mostofa Patwary and Nima Tajbakhsh and Yacine Jernite and Carlos Muñoz Ferrandis and Lingming Zhang and Sean Hughes and Thomas Wolf and Arjun Guha and Leandro von Werra and Harm de Vries},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.19173},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.SE}
}

bigcode/starcoder2-7b

StarCoder2

Table of Contents

Model Summary

Use

Intended use

Generation

Running the model on CPU/GPU/multi GPU

Quantized Versions through bitsandbytes

Attribution & Other Requirements

Limitations

Training

Model

Hardware

Software

License

Citation

bigcode/
starcoder2-7b

Quantized Versions through `bitsandbytes`