This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Alibaba-NLP/gte-base-en-v1.5. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: Alibaba-NLP/gte-base-en-v1.5
Maximum Sequence Length: 64 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 64, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: NewModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("albertus-sussex/veriscrape-sbert-book-wo-ref-gemini-1.5-flash")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'March 23, 2010',
    'April 01, 2010',
    '9780307541345',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Triplet

Evaluated with TripletEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy	0.9982

Silhouette

Evaluated with veriscrape.training.SilhouetteEvaluator

Metric	Value
silhouette_cosine	0.6964
silhouette_euclidean	0.5788

Triplet

Evaluated with TripletEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy	0.9965

Silhouette

Evaluated with veriscrape.training.SilhouetteEvaluator

Metric	Value
silhouette_cosine	0.685
silhouette_euclidean	0.568

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 30,012 training samples
Columns: anchor, positive, negative, pos_attr_name, neg_attr_name, and website_id

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative	pos_attr_name	neg_attr_name	website_id
type	string	string	string	string	string	int
details	min: 3 tokens mean: 6.98 tokens max: 20 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 7.01 tokens max: 23 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 7.08 tokens max: 22 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 3.79 tokens max: 5 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 3.86 tokens max: 5 tokens	0: ~2.80% 1: ~9.90% 2: ~19.20% 3: ~14.50% 4: ~9.40% 5: ~9.30% 6: ~2.50% 7: ~10.40% 8: ~14.50% 9: ~7.50%

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative	pos_attr_name	neg_attr_name	website_id
`Whip Smart`	`Merriam Webster's Dictionary and Thesaurus`	`9780061895067`	`title`	`isbn_13`	`2`
`Pub. Date: March 2010`	`Pub. Date: August 2009`	`Madeleine L'Engle`	`publication_date`	`author`	`2`
`Henry David Thoreau`	`Lee Wilson`	`09/03/2008`	`author`	`publication_date`	`8`

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN", 3 "triplet_margin": 5 4}

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 3,335 evaluation samples
Columns: anchor, positive, negative, pos_attr_name, neg_attr_name, and website_id

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative	pos_attr_name	neg_attr_name	website_id
type	string	string	string	string	string	int
details	min: 3 tokens mean: 7.08 tokens max: 64 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 7.07 tokens max: 35 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 7.22 tokens max: 21 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 3.87 tokens max: 5 tokens	min: 3 tokens mean: 3.76 tokens max: 5 tokens	0: ~3.70% 1: ~10.20% 2: ~18.50% 3: ~15.40% 4: ~8.70% 5: ~10.70% 6: ~3.40% 7: ~9.00% 8: ~11.40% 9: ~9.00%

Samples:
anchor positive negative pos_attr_name neg_attr_name website_id
* * 9780756677060 title isbn_13 3
Mark Twain See All Contributors 9781593080440 author isbn_13 5
Brandon Dorman Stuart Woods Heat Seeker author title 4
Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:
json
1{ 2 "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN", 3 "triplet_margin": 5 4}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: epoch
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 128
num_train_epochs: 5
warmup_ratio: 0.1

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: epoch
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 128
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 5e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 5
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: False
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	Validation Loss	cosine_accuracy	silhouette_cosine
-1	-1	-	-	0.6723	0.1461
1.0	235	0.4637	0.0631	0.9946	0.7048
2.0	470	0.0285	0.0240	0.9985	0.6604
3.0	705	0.0175	0.0208	0.9982	0.6939
4.0	940	0.0107	0.0228	0.9985	0.6830
5.0	1175	0.0061	0.0210	0.9982	0.6964
-1	-1	-	-	0.9965	0.6850

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.16
Sentence Transformers: 4.0.1
Transformers: 4.45.2
PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu124
Accelerate: 1.6.0
Datasets: 3.1.0
Tokenizers: 0.20.3

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

bibtex

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

TripletLoss

bibtex

@misc{hermans2017defense,
    title={In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification},
    author={Alexander Hermans and Lucas Beyer and Bastian Leibe},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1703.07737},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

anchor	positive	negative	pos_attr_name	neg_attr_name	website_id
`*`	`*`	`9780756677060`	`title`	`isbn_13`	`3`
`Mark Twain`	`See All Contributors`	`9781593080440`	`author`	`isbn_13`	`5`
`Brandon Dorman`	`Stuart Woods`	`Heat Seeker`	`author`	`title`	`4`