llama.cpp. The source project for GGUF. Offers a CLI and a server option.
text-generation-webui, the most widely used web UI, with many features and powerful extensions. Supports GPU acceleration.
KoboldCpp, a fully featured web UI, with GPU accel across all platforms and GPU architectures. Especially good for story telling.
GPT4All, a free and open source local running GUI, supporting Windows, Linux and macOS with full GPU accel.
LM Studio, an easy-to-use and powerful local GUI for Windows and macOS (Silicon), with GPU acceleration. Linux available, in beta as of 27/11/2023.
LoLLMS Web UI, a great web UI with many interesting and unique features, including a full model library for easy model selection.
Faraday.dev, an attractive and easy to use character-based chat GUI for Windows and macOS (both Silicon and Intel), with GPU acceleration.
llama-cpp-python, a Python library with GPU accel, LangChain support, and OpenAI-compatible API server.
candle, a Rust ML framework with a focus on performance, including GPU support, and ease of use.
ctransformers, a Python library with GPU accel, LangChain support, and OpenAI-compatible AI server. Note, as of time of writing (November 27th 2023), ctransformers has not been updated in a long time and does not support many recent models.

Repositories available

Prompt template: ChatML

<|im_start|>system
{system_message}<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
{prompt}<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant

Compatibility

These quantised GGUFv2 files are compatible with llama.cpp from August 27th onwards, as of commit d0cee0d

They are also compatible with many third party UIs and libraries - please see the list at the top of this README.

Explanation of quantisation methods

Click to see details

The new methods available are:

GGML_TYPE_Q2_K - "type-1" 2-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 16 blocks, each block having 16 weight. Block scales and mins are quantized with 4 bits. This ends up effectively using 2.5625 bits per weight (bpw)
GGML_TYPE_Q3_K - "type-0" 3-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 16 blocks, each block having 16 weights. Scales are quantized with 6 bits. This end up using 3.4375 bpw.
GGML_TYPE_Q4_K - "type-1" 4-bit quantization in super-blocks containing 8 blocks, each block having 32 weights. Scales and mins are quantized with 6 bits. This ends up using 4.5 bpw.
GGML_TYPE_Q5_K - "type-1" 5-bit quantization. Same super-block structure as GGML_TYPE_Q4_K resulting in 5.5 bpw
GGML_TYPE_Q6_K - "type-0" 6-bit quantization. Super-blocks with 16 blocks, each block having 16 weights. Scales are quantized with 8 bits. This ends up using 6.5625 bpw

Refer to the Provided Files table below to see what files use which methods, and how.

Provided files

Name	Quant method	Bits	Size	Max RAM required	Use case
meditron-7b.Q2_K.gguf	Q2_K	2	2.83 GB	5.33 GB	smallest, significant quality loss - not recommended for most purposes
meditron-7b.Q3_K_S.gguf	Q3_K_S	3	2.95 GB	5.45 GB	very small, high quality loss
meditron-7b.Q3_K_M.gguf	Q3_K_M	3	3.30 GB	5.80 GB	very small, high quality loss
meditron-7b.Q3_K_L.gguf	Q3_K_L	3	3.60 GB	6.10 GB	small, substantial quality loss
meditron-7b.Q4_0.gguf	Q4_0	4	3.83 GB	6.33 GB	legacy; small, very high quality loss - prefer using Q3_K_M
meditron-7b.Q4_K_S.gguf	Q4_K_S	4	3.86 GB	6.36 GB	small, greater quality loss
meditron-7b.Q4_K_M.gguf	Q4_K_M	4	4.08 GB	6.58 GB	medium, balanced quality - recommended
meditron-7b.Q5_0.gguf	Q5_0	5	4.65 GB	7.15 GB	legacy; medium, balanced quality - prefer using Q4_K_M
meditron-7b.Q5_K_S.gguf	Q5_K_S	5	4.65 GB	7.15 GB	large, low quality loss - recommended
meditron-7b.Q5_K_M.gguf	Q5_K_M	5	4.78 GB	7.28 GB	large, very low quality loss - recommended
meditron-7b.Q6_K.gguf	Q6_K	6	5.53 GB	8.03 GB	very large, extremely low quality loss
meditron-7b.Q8_0.gguf	Q8_0	8	7.16 GB	9.66 GB	very large, extremely low quality loss - not recommended

Note: the above RAM figures assume no GPU offloading. If layers are offloaded to the GPU, this will reduce RAM usage and use VRAM instead.

How to download GGUF files

Note for manual downloaders: You almost never want to clone the entire repo! Multiple different quantisation formats are provided, and most users only want to pick and download a single file.

The following clients/libraries will automatically download models for you, providing a list of available models to choose from:

LM Studio
LoLLMS Web UI
Faraday.dev

In `text-generation-webui`

Under Download Model, you can enter the model repo: TheBloke/meditron-7B-GGUF and below it, a specific filename to download, such as: meditron-7b.Q4_K_M.gguf.

Then click Download.

On the command line, including multiple files at once

I recommend using the huggingface-hub Python library:

pip3 install huggingface-hub

Then you can download any individual model file to the current directory, at high speed, with a command like this:

huggingface-cli download TheBloke/meditron-7B-GGUF meditron-7b.Q4_K_M.gguf --local-dir . --local-dir-use-symlinks False

More advanced huggingface-cli download usage (click to read)

You can also download multiple files at once with a pattern:

huggingface-cli download TheBloke/meditron-7B-GGUF --local-dir . --local-dir-use-symlinks False --include='*Q4_K*gguf'

For more documentation on downloading with huggingface-cli, please see: HF -> Hub Python Library -> Download files -> Download from the CLI.

To accelerate downloads on fast connections (1Gbit/s or higher), install hf_transfer:

pip3 install hf_transfer

And set environment variable HF_HUB_ENABLE_HF_TRANSFER to 1:

HF_HUB_ENABLE_HF_TRANSFER=1 huggingface-cli download TheBloke/meditron-7B-GGUF meditron-7b.Q4_K_M.gguf --local-dir . --local-dir-use-symlinks False

Windows Command Line users: You can set the environment variable by running set HF_HUB_ENABLE_HF_TRANSFER=1 before the download command.

Example `llama.cpp` command

Make sure you are using llama.cpp from commit d0cee0d or later.

./main -ngl 35 -m meditron-7b.Q4_K_M.gguf --color -c 2048 --temp 0.7 --repeat_penalty 1.1 -n -1 -p "<|im_start|>system\n{system_message}<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>user\n{prompt}<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>assistant"

Change -ngl 32 to the number of layers to offload to GPU. Remove it if you don't have GPU acceleration.

Change -c 2048 to the desired sequence length. For extended sequence models - eg 8K, 16K, 32K - the necessary RoPE scaling parameters are read from the GGUF file and set by llama.cpp automatically. Note that longer sequence lengths require much more resources, so you may need to reduce this value.

If you want to have a chat-style conversation, replace the -p <PROMPT> argument with -i -ins

For other parameters and how to use them, please refer to the llama.cpp documentation

How to run in `text-generation-webui`

Further instructions can be found in the text-generation-webui documentation, here: text-generation-webui/docs/04 ‐ Model Tab.md.

How to run from Python code

You can use GGUF models from Python using the llama-cpp-python or ctransformers libraries. Note that at the time of writing (Nov 27th 2023), ctransformers has not been updated for some time and is not compatible with some recent models. Therefore I recommend you use llama-cpp-python.

How to load this model in Python code, using llama-cpp-python

For full documentation, please see: llama-cpp-python docs.

First install the package

Run one of the following commands, according to your system:

shell

# Base ctransformers with no GPU acceleration
pip install llama-cpp-python
# With NVidia CUDA acceleration
CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_CUBLAS=on" pip install llama-cpp-python
# Or with OpenBLAS acceleration
CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_BLAS=ON -DLLAMA_BLAS_VENDOR=OpenBLAS" pip install llama-cpp-python
# Or with CLBLast acceleration
CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_CLBLAST=on" pip install llama-cpp-python
# Or with AMD ROCm GPU acceleration (Linux only)
CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_HIPBLAS=on" pip install llama-cpp-python
# Or with Metal GPU acceleration for macOS systems only
CMAKE_ARGS="-DLLAMA_METAL=on" pip install llama-cpp-python

# In windows, to set the variables CMAKE_ARGS in PowerShell, follow this format; eg for NVidia CUDA:
$env:CMAKE_ARGS = "-DLLAMA_OPENBLAS=on"
pip install llama-cpp-python

Simple llama-cpp-python example code

python

from llama_cpp import Llama

# Set gpu_layers to the number of layers to offload to GPU. Set to 0 if no GPU acceleration is available on your system.
llm = Llama(
  model_path="./meditron-7b.Q4_K_M.gguf",  # Download the model file first
  n_ctx=2048,  # The max sequence length to use - note that longer sequence lengths require much more resources
  n_threads=8,            # The number of CPU threads to use, tailor to your system and the resulting performance
  n_gpu_layers=35         # The number of layers to offload to GPU, if you have GPU acceleration available
)

# Simple inference example
output = llm(
  "<|im_start|>system\n{system_message}<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>user\n{prompt}<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>assistant", # Prompt
  max_tokens=512,  # Generate up to 512 tokens
  stop=["</s>"],   # Example stop token - not necessarily correct for this specific model! Please check before using.
  echo=True        # Whether to echo the prompt
)

# Chat Completion API

llm = Llama(model_path="./meditron-7b.Q4_K_M.gguf", chat_format="llama-2")  # Set chat_format according to the model you are using
llm.create_chat_completion(
    messages = [
        {"role": "system", "content": "You are a story writing assistant."},
        {
            "role": "user",
            "content": "Write a story about llamas."
        }
    ]
)

How to use with LangChain

Here are guides on using llama-cpp-python and ctransformers with LangChain:

Discord

For further support, and discussions on these models and AI in general, join us at:

TheBloke AI's Discord server

Thanks, and how to contribute

Thanks to the chirper.ai team!

Thanks to Clay from gpus.llm-utils.org!

I've had a lot of people ask if they can contribute. I enjoy providing models and helping people, and would love to be able to spend even more time doing it, as well as expanding into new projects like fine tuning/training.

If you're able and willing to contribute it will be most gratefully received and will help me to keep providing more models, and to start work on new AI projects.

Donaters will get priority support on any and all AI/LLM/model questions and requests, access to a private Discord room, plus other benefits.

Patreon: https://patreon.com/TheBlokeAI
Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/TheBlokeAI

Special thanks to: Aemon Algiz.

Patreon special mentions: Brandon Frisco, LangChain4j, Spiking Neurons AB, transmissions 11, Joseph William Delisle, Nitin Borwankar, Willem Michiel, Michael Dempsey, vamX, Jeffrey Morgan, zynix, jjj, Omer Bin Jawed, Sean Connelly, jinyuan sun, Jeromy Smith, Shadi, Pawan Osman, Chadd, Elijah Stavena, Illia Dulskyi, Sebastain Graf, Stephen Murray, terasurfer, Edmond Seymore, Celu Ramasamy, Mandus, Alex, biorpg, Ajan Kanaga, Clay Pascal, Raven Klaugh, 阿明, K, ya boyyy, usrbinkat, Alicia Loh, John Villwock, ReadyPlayerEmma, Chris Smitley, Cap'n Zoog, fincy, GodLy, S_X, sidney chen, Cory Kujawski, OG, Mano Prime, AzureBlack, Pieter, Kalila, Spencer Kim, Tom X Nguyen, Stanislav Ovsiannikov, Michael Levine, Andrey, Trailburnt, Vadim, Enrico Ros, Talal Aujan, Brandon Phillips, Jack West, Eugene Pentland, Michael Davis, Will Dee, webtim, Jonathan Leane, Alps Aficionado, Rooh Singh, Tiffany J. Kim, theTransient, Luke @flexchar, Elle, Caitlyn Gatomon, Ari Malik, subjectnull, Johann-Peter Hartmann, Trenton Dambrowitz, Imad Khwaja, Asp the Wyvern, Emad Mostaque, Rainer Wilmers, Alexandros Triantafyllidis, Nicholas, Pedro Madruga, SuperWojo, Harry Royden McLaughlin, James Bentley, Olakabola, David Ziegler, Ai Maven, Jeff Scroggin, Nikolai Manek, Deo Leter, Matthew Berman, Fen Risland, Ken Nordquist, Manuel Alberto Morcote, Luke Pendergrass, TL, Fred von Graf, Randy H, Dan Guido, NimbleBox.ai, Vitor Caleffi, Gabriel Tamborski, knownsqashed, Lone Striker, Erik Bjäreholt, John Detwiler, Leonard Tan, Iucharbius

Thank you to all my generous patrons and donaters!

And thank you again to a16z for their generous grant.

Original model card: EPFL LLM Team's Meditron 7B

Model Card for Meditron-7B-v1.0

Meditron is a suite of open-source medical Large Language Models (LLMs). Meditron-7B is a 7 billion parameters model adapted to the medical domain from Llama-2-7B through continued pretraining on a comprehensively curated medical corpus, including selected PubMed articles, abstracts, a new dataset of internationally-recognized medical guidelines, and general domain data from RedPajama-v1. Meditron-7B, finetuned on relevant training data, outperforms Llama-2-7B and PMC-Llama on multiple medical reasoning tasks.

Advisory Notice

While Meditron is designed to encode medical knowledge from sources of high-quality evidence, it is not yet adapted to deliver this knowledge appropriately, safely, or within professional actionable constraints. We recommend against deploying Meditron in medical applications without extensive use-case alignment, as well as additional testing, specifically including randomized controlled trials in real-world practice settings.

Model Details

Developed by: EPFL LLM Team
Model type: Causal decoder-only transformer language model
Language(s): English (mainly)
Model License: LLAMA 2 COMMUNITY LICENSE AGREEMENT
Code License: APACHE 2.0 LICENSE
Continue-pretrained from model: Llama-2-7B
Context length: 2K tokens
Input: Text-only data
Output: Model generates text only
Status: This is a static model trained on an offline dataset. Future versions of the tuned models will be released as we enhance model's performance.
Knowledge Cutoff: August 2023

Model Sources

Repository: epflLLM/meditron
Trainer: epflLLM/Megatron-LLM
Paper: MediTron-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models

Uses

Meditron-7B is being made available for further testing and assessment as an AI assistant to enhance clinical decision-making and enhance access to an LLM for healthcare use. Potential use cases may include but are not limited to:

Medical exam question answering
Supporting differential diagnosis
Disease information (symptoms, cause, treatment) query
General health information query

Direct Use

It is possible to use this model to generate text, which is useful for experimentation and understanding its capabilities. It should not be used directly for production or work that may impact people.

Downstream Use

Meditron-7B is a foundation model that can be finetuned, instruction-tuned, or RLHF-tuned for specific downstream tasks and applications. The main way we have used this model is finetuning for downstream question-answering tasks, but we encourage using this model for additional applications.

Specific formatting needs to be followed to prompt our finetuned models, including the <|im_start|>, <|im_end|> tags, and system, question, answer identifiers.

"""
<|im_start|>system
{system_message}<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>question
{prompt}<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>answer
"""

Note 1: The above formatting is not required for running the base model (this repository)

Note 2: the above formatting is just an example of a finetuning template. This format is not a requirement if you use your own formatting option for the finetuning of the model.

To run proper generation with this base model, we recommend using a high-throughput and memory-efficient inference engine, such as vLLM, with a UI that supports chat and text generation, such as BetterChatGPT To see more details about model deployment and generation, please see our documentation.

Out-of-Scope Use

We do not recommend using this model for natural language generation in a production environment, finetuned or otherwise.

Truthfulness, Helpfulness, Risk, and Bias

We did an initial assessment of Meditron models' Truthfulness against baseline models and consumer-level medical models. We use TruthfulQA (multiple choice) as the main evaluation benchmark. We only focus on the categories that are relevant to the medical domain, including Health, Nutrition, Psychology, and Science. For 7B models, we perform one-shot evaluations for consistent answer generation. For 70B models, the evaluations are under the zero-shot setting. Below, we report the detailed truthfulness performance of each category.


Category	meditron-70b	llama-2-70b	med42-70b*	meditron-7b	llama-2-7b	PMC-llama-7b
Health	81.8	69.1	83.6	27.3	16.4	3.6
Nutrition	77.9	68.8	62.5	31.1	12.5	6.3
Psychology	47.4	36.8	52.6	21.1	10.5	0.0
Science	77.8	44.4	33.3	33.3	11.1	0.0
Avg	71.2	54.8	58.0	28.3	12.6	2.5

For a more detailed performance analysis, please see our paper.

Significant research is still required to fully explore potential bias, fairness, and safety issues with this language model. Please recognize that our evaluation on Meditron-7B's helpfulness, risk, and bias are highly limited. Thus, as we noted in the safety notice, we strongly against any deployment in medical applications without further alignment process and rigorous evaluation!

Recommendations

IMPORTANT! Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases, and limitations of the model. While this model is capable of generating natural language text, we have only begun to explore this capability and its limitations. Understanding these limitations is especially important in a domain like medicine. Therefore, we strongly recommend against using this model in production for natural language generation or for professional purposes related to health and medicine.

Training Details

Training Data

Meditron’s domain-adaptive pre-training corpus GAP-Replay combines 48.1B tokens from four corpora:

Clinical Guidelines: a new dataset of 46K internationally-recognized clinical practice guidelines from various healthcare-related sources, including hospitals and international organizations.
Medical Paper Abstracts: 16.1M abstracts extracted from closed-access PubMed and PubMed Central papers.
Medical Papers: full-text articles extracted from 5M publicly available PubMed and PubMed Central papers.
Replay Data: 400M tokens of general domain pretraining data sampled from RedPajama-v1

Data Preprocessing

Please see the detailed preprocessing procedure in our paper.

Training Procedure

We used the Megatron-LLM distributed training library, a derivative of Nvidia's Megatron LM project, to optimize training efficiency. Hardware consists of 1 node of 8x NVIDIA A100 (80GB) SXM GPUs connected by NVLink and NVSwitch with a single Nvidia ConnectX-6 DX network card and equipped with 2 x AMD EPYC 7543 32-Core Processors and 512 GB of RAM.

Our three way parallelism scheme uses:

Data Parallelism (DP -- different GPUs process different subsets of the batches) of 2,
Pipeline Parallelism (PP -- different GPUs process different layers) of 4,
Tensor Parallelism (TP -- different GPUs process different subtensors for matrix multiplication) of 1.

Training Hyperparameters


bf16	true
lr	3e-4
eps	1e-5
betas	[0.9, 0.95]
clip_grad	1
weight decay	0.1
DP size	16
TP size	4
PP size	1
seq length	2048
lr scheduler	cosine
min lr	1e-6
warmup iteration	2000
micro batch size	10
global batch size	1600

Sizes

The model was trained in September 2023.

The model architecture is exactly Llama 2, meaning


Model size	7B
Hidden dimension	4096
Num. attention heads	32
Num. layers	32

Evaluation

Testing Data & Metrics

Testing Data

Metrics

Accuracy: suite the evaluation of multiple-choice question-answering tasks.

Results

We finetune meditron-7b, llama-2-7b, pmc-llama-7b on each benchmark (pubmedqa, medmcqa, medqa)'s training data individually. We report the finetuned models' performance with top token selection as the inference mode. For MMLU-Medical, models finetuned on MedMCQA are used for inference. For MedQA-4-Option, models finetuned on MedQA are used for inference. For a more detailed performance analysis, please see our paper.


Dataset	meditron-7b	llama-2-7b	pmc-llama-7b	Zephyr-7B-beta*	Mistral-7B-instruct*
MMLU-Medical	54.2	53.7	56.4	63.3	60.0
PubMedQA	74.4	61.8	59.2	46.0	17.8
MedMCQA	59.2	54.4	57.6	43.0	40.2
MedQA	47.9	44.0	42.4	42.8	32.4
MedQA-4-Option	52.0	49.6	49.2	48.5	41.1
Avg	57.5	52.7	53.0	48.7	38.3

Note: models with * are already instruction-tuned, so we exclude them from further finetuning on any training data.

Environmental Impact

Hardware Type: 8 x NVIDIA A100 (80GB) SXM
Total GPU hours: 588.8
Hardware Provider: EPFL Research Computing Platform
Compute Region: Switzerland
Carbon Emitted: Switzerland has a carbon efficiency of 0.016 kgCO2/kWh (https://www.carbonfootprint.com/docs/2018_8_electricity_factors_august_2018_-_online_sources.pdf). 73.6 hours of 8 A100s means 588.8 hours at a TDP of 400W. Assuming a Power Usage effectiveness of 1.5, total emissions are estimated to be:

(400W / 1000W/kWh / GPU * 0.016 kgCO2/kWh * 73.6 h * 8 GPU) * 1.8 PUE = 6.8 kgCO2.

Citation

BibTeX: If you use Meditron or its training data, please cite our work:

@misc{chen2023meditron70b,
      title={MEDITRON-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models},
      author={Zeming Chen and Alejandro Hernández-Cano and Angelika Romanou and Antoine Bonnet and Kyle Matoba and Francesco Salvi and Matteo Pagliardini and Simin Fan and Andreas Köpf and Amirkeivan Mohtashami and Alexandre Sallinen and Alireza Sakhaeirad and Vinitra Swamy and Igor Krawczuk and Deniz Bayazit and Axel Marmet and Syrielle Montariol and Mary-Anne Hartley and Martin Jaggi and Antoine Bosselut},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2311.16079},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

@software{epfmedtrn,
  author = {Zeming Chen and Alejandro Hernández-Cano and Angelika Romanou and Antoine Bonnet and Kyle Matoba and Francesco Salvi and Matteo Pagliardini and Simin Fan and Andreas Köpf and Amirkeivan Mohtashami and Alexandre Sallinen and Alireza Sakhaeirad and Vinitra Swamy and Igor Krawczuk and Deniz Bayazit and Axel Marmet and Syrielle Montariol and Mary-Anne Hartley and Martin Jaggi and Antoine Bosselut},
  title = {MediTron-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Models},
  month = November,
  year = 2023,
  url = {https://github.com/epfLLM/meditron}
}

TheBloke/meditron-7B-GGUF

Meditron 7B - GGUF

Description

About GGUF