Property	Value
Base model	intfloat/multilingual-e5-base
Parameters	278M
Embedding dimensions	768 (supports Matryoshka: 768, 512, 256, 128, 64)
Training data	NLI entailment pairs (ta) + Samanantar parallel corpus (~50K pairs)
Loss function	MatryoshkaLoss + MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

Training

Two-stage training pipeline:

Stage 1 (NLI Warm-up): Fine-tune on Tamil NLI entailment pairs (ANLI, FEVER, LING, MNLI, WANLI) with MatryoshkaLoss wrapping MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
Stage 2 (Retrieval): Fine-tune on Samanantar English-Tamil parallel corpus with hard negatives

MTEB Results

IndicCrosslingualSTS benchmark (Spearman correlation):

Language Pair	Score
en-hi (Hindi)	0.640
en-kn (Kannada)	0.584
en-ml (Malayalam)	0.582
en-bn (Bengali)	0.537
en-pa (Punjabi)	0.536
en-gu (Gujarati)	0.533
en-as (Assamese)	0.512
en-ta (Tamil)	0.489
en-mr (Marathi)	0.485
en-te (Telugu)	0.468

Usage

python

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

model = SentenceTransformer("Tamil-ai/tamil-embed-base")

sentences = [
    "query: தமிழ் மொழியின் வரலாறு என்ன?",
    "passage: தமிழ் மொழி 2000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கும் மேலான வரலாற்றைக் கொண்ட செம்மொழியாகும்.",
    "passage: Python is a popular programming language.",
]

embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)  # (3, 768)

# Compute similarity
from sentence_transformers.util import cos_sim
similarities = cos_sim(embeddings[0], embeddings[1:])
print(similarities)  # Tamil passage should score higher

Matryoshka (variable dimensions)

python

# Use smaller dimensions for faster search with minimal quality loss
embeddings_256 = model.encode(sentences, output_value="sentence_embedding")[:, :256]
embeddings_128 = model.encode(sentences, output_value="sentence_embedding")[:, :128]

Intended Use

Tamil semantic search and retrieval
Cross-lingual English-Tamil similarity
Tamil document clustering
RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) for Tamil

Citation

bibtex

@misc{tamilai2026embed,
  title={A Thousand Language Problem: Morphological Understanding in Linguistic AI},
  author={Tamil-AI},
  year={2026},
  publisher={HuggingFace},
  url={https://huggingface.co/Tamil-ai/tamil-embed-base}
}